WATERING THE NEIGHBOUR'S GARDEN: THE GROWING - CICRED

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214 Figure 1 County sex ratio by birth year 1967-87 150 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 Source: county police records, 1988. Males/100 females 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 L. BOSSEN Figure 2 Township sex ratio by birth year, 1957-1987, encompassing Huang Tu Village 150 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 Males/ 100 females 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 Source: county police records. Table 1 Population, child sex ratios, and missing girls (age 1 to 4) for Henan province and county, 2000 Total popula- Children aged Sex ratio Estimated Place tion 1-4 (M/100F) missing girls Henan prov- 91,237,000 4,091,535 136 495,826 County 642,000 41,508 146 6,394 Note: Missing girls are estimated by dividing number of male children (for Henan, N=2,360,487) by 1.06, a conservative standard for the normal sex ratio at birth, and subtracting the reported number of girls (1,731,048) from the expected number of girls (2,226,874). Using a standard that takes into account the normally higher mortality rate of boys up to age five (Attané, 2002) would yield an even higher number of missing girls. Source: county police records 1988.
MISSING GIRLS, LAND AND POPULATION CONTROLS IN RURAL CHINA Moving to the village level, it is hard to identify significant trends because smaller numbers are involved. In 1988, Huang Tu had a population of 2416 in 520 households. The households were divided into eight “teams,” or “small groups.” Each “team” was the equivalent of a small village in size, but they were all fused together into what, in this part of Henan is called a village (cun or cunzhuang). The village itself was under the authority of a township, or “administrative village” located several kilometres away and including about 15 surrounding villages comparable to Huang Tu. Two sets of local demographic data, from 1989 and from 2004, supplement the official data on sex ratios from higher levels of government and offer a glimpse at local conditions. In 1989, I conducted a survey of 50 households selected from each of the 8 teams. My sample of 83 children aged 0 to 14 shows evidence for skewed sex ratios, with a sex ratio of 152 males per 100 females (Table 2). Due to the small numbers in the sample, the sex ratios fluctuate widely from year to year and are not statistically significant, but they suggest that the sex bias may have been present even before the family planning policy began to be strictly enforced in the early 1980s. In 2004 I obtained access to more recent household registration records for one of the eight teams. Counting all living children in this sample of 130 aged 0 to 19 also yielded a high sex ratio of 113. 5 Given the small number of births allowed in any village, it is difficult to identify reliably local trends without referring to larger samples of births or age-sex distributions from more villages or longer time periods. But the Huang Tu data are consistent with the high sex ratios in the township, county and province. Table 2 Child sex ratios by age (Males per 100 females) for Huang Tu Village, 1989 Year of birth Age Number Sex ratio 1984-1988 0-4 24 200 1974-1983 5-14 49 133 1974-1988 0-14 83 152 Source: author’s interview sample of 50 households 1989. 5 The team had very few births after 2000, but surprisingly reported more girls than boys. After the 2000 national census revealed the shocking deficit of girls across China, national attention to the sex selection problem may have given local officials incentives to report more equal birth sex ratios. With greater government scrutiny and penalties for sex-selective abortion, local officials may try to conceal the birth of sons because illegal abortions of females can be inferred from improbably high birth sex ratios. 215
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WATERING THE NEIGHBOUR’S GARDEN:
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Chapters in this volume originate f
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List of Authors Sutapa AGRAWAL is P
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Foreword The rampant demographic ma
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction Isab
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Introduction Isabelle ATTANÉ and C
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INTRODUCTION 3 point to an unexpect
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INTRODUCTION 5 women to avoid unwan
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INTRODUCTION 7 to estimate the cont
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INTRODUCTION 9 a feature common amo
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INTRODUCTION 11 women and may in tu
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INTRODUCTION 13 covering other regi
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INTRODUCTION 15 ratio at birth. Tha
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INTRODUCTION 17 Figure 2 Research l
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INTRODUCTION 19 This is no doubt an
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INTRODUCTION 21 References ATTANÉ
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Part I RECENT TRENDS IN SEX RATIO I
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26 LI S.-WEI Y.- JIANG Q. - M. W. F
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Sex Ratio at Birth and Excess Femal
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SEX RATIO AT BIRTH AND EXCESS FEMAL
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A Sharp Increase in Sex Ratio at Bi
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A SHARP INCREASE IN SEX RATIO AT BI
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Son Preference, Female Deficit and
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Part II DIFFERENTIALS IN DISCRIMINA
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110 C.Z. GUILMOTO - I. ATTANÉ gap
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128 C.Z. GUILMOTO - I. ATTANÉ patr
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1. Introduction Factors Influencing
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FACTORS INFLUENCING THE USE OF PREN
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Decreases in Male and Female Mortal
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DISCRIMINATION FROM CONCEPTION TO C
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Interventions to Balance Sex Ratio
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INTERVENTIONS TO BALANCE SEX RATIO
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