WATERING THE NEIGHBOUR'S GARDEN: THE GROWING - CICRED

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68 P. AROKIASAMY of preceding birth interval. For women with no education and those living in poor households, the mortality risk is 69 percent greater in the North and 61 percent greater in the North Cental region for female compared to male children. By comparison, excess risks of female child mortality are much lower and statistically insignificant for women with secondary levels of education and above and women living in economically better off households. Similarly, in both North and North Cental regions, the likelihood of receive health care for female children, compared to their male counterparts, is significantly lower for illiterate and poor women than educated ones in economically better of households (Arokiasamy, 2004). In other regions, the odds ratios indicate insignificant sex differentials in child mortality risks. The evidence is clear that levels of discrimination against female children are consistent with highly significant excess female child mortality for illiterate and poor women in the North and North Cental regions, where evidence of prenatal and postnatal discrimination is striking. Moreover, the positive association between high female child mortality and shorter birth interval demonstrates corroborative evidence of this inference, as shorter birth intervals tend to be concentrated among the illiterate and poor women. However, these results are contrary to those of previous studies suggesting that education may increase–or does not interact with female disadvantage in–child mortality (Das Gupta, 1987; Bhuiya and Streatfield, 1991). This also contrasts with the emerging evidence of steeply higher sex ratio at birth for urban, educated, and economically better of women. Such contrasting relation between development and discrimination against female children is mediated by the trade-off link between fertility decline and son preference. A fall in fertility should benefit girls since it reduces the ‘parity effect’. However, an ‘intensification effect’ results in increased discrimination against girls at lower parities (Das Gupta and Bhat, 1997). The parity effects refer to the higher risk of mortality of girls than boys for high parity mothers, as a result of a large proportion of girls of high parity women. This would lead to very significant excess female child mortality. The intensification effects refer to increased discrimination of girls when fertility falls rapidly and reaches low levels and where son preference continues to be strong. Girls of lower birth order and of low parity women tend to face intense discrimination. This leads to a swift choice of sex-selective abortion leading to adverse sex ratio at birth (see also Arnold et al., 2002; Bhat and Zavier, 2003). The varying parity effect on prenatal and postnatal discrimination is possibly connected to the contrasting trend of more concentrated postnatal discrimination of female children among the rural, poor and illiterate
SEX RATIO AT BIRTH AND EXCESS FEMALE CHILD MORTALITY IN INDIA… women vis-à-vis more intense prenatal discrimination of unborn girls among urban educated and economically better off` women. As Goodkind (1996) suggested, there is a possibility of substitution effect of rising prenatal discrimination of unborn girls reducing postnatal discrimination of girls among urban, educated and economically better off women. Table 6 Impact of development factors and birth interval on child mortality at ages 12-47 months for children born between 1982-88 by sex and region, NFHS- 1 (odds ratios) Stratum of development variables and North Northcentral East West South birth interval F M F M F M F M F M Women’s education Illiterate Secondary and + 1.69*** 1.01 Index of living amenities None (0) All of them 1.98** 1.18 Index of media exposure None (0) All of them 1.94*** 1.17 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.61*** 1.09 1.46*** 1.34 1.60*** 1.44 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.26 0.79 1.28 0.69 1.23 0.86 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.40 1.08 1.14 2.81* 1.33 0.87 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.99 0.42 1.13 0.96 1.16 0.82 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Preceding birth interval Up to 24 months 2.28*** 1.00 1.71*** 1.00 1.20 1.00 1.84* 1.00 1.02 1.00 24+ months 1.24 1.00 1.78*** 1.00 1.25 1.00 1.23 1.00 1.45 1.00 Notes: ***P
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WATERING THE NEIGHBOUR’S GARDEN:
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Chapters in this volume originate f
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List of Authors Sutapa AGRAWAL is P
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Foreword The rampant demographic ma
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction Isab
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Introduction Isabelle ATTANÉ and C
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INTRODUCTION 3 point to an unexpect
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INTRODUCTION 5 women to avoid unwan
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INTRODUCTION 7 to estimate the cont
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INTRODUCTION 9 a feature common amo
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INTRODUCTION 11 women and may in tu
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INTRODUCTION 13 covering other regi
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INTRODUCTION 15 ratio at birth. Tha
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126 C.Z. GUILMOTO - I. ATTANÉ itse
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1. Introduction Factors Influencing
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FACTORS INFLUENCING THE USE OF PREN
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Decreases in Male and Female Mortal
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DECREASES IN MALE AND FEMALE MORTAL
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184 KIM D.S. -SONG Y.J. birth at hi
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186 KIM D.S. -SONG Y.J. trance exam
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192 KIM D.S. -SONG Y.J. Table 1 Sex
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194 KIM D.S. -SONG Y.J. maintained
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196 KIM D.S. -SONG Y.J. ritual is t
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198 KIM D.S. -SONG Y.J. and educati
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200 KIM D.S. -SONG Y.J. dents in ea
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202 KIM D.S. -SONG Y.J. behaviour i
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Part III LOCAL PERSPECTIVES ON GEND
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208 L. BOSSEN to support their husb
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210 L. BOSSEN The period of rural c
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212 L. BOSSEN throughout their live
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214 Figure 1 County sex ratio by bi
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216 L. BOSSEN The local demand for
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218 Table 3 Huang Tu Village change
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220 L. BOSSEN lineage which has the
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222 L. BOSSEN outside the patriline
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224 L. BOSSEN officials have not ye
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226 L. BOSSEN to households in its
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228 L. BOSSEN LI Shuzuo, FELDMAN Ma
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230 WU H. -M. FELDMAN -JIN X. -LI S
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Discrimination from Conception to C
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DISCRIMINATION FROM CONCEPTION TO C
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Is Son Preference Emerging among th
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IS SON PREFERENCE EMERGING AMONG TH
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Vulnerable Daughters in a Modernizi
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Interventions to Balance Sex Ratio
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INTERVENTIONS TO BALANCE SEX RATIO
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Son Preference and the Marriage Squ
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SON PREFERENCE AND THE MARRIAGE SQU
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366 G. HUGO -NGUYEN THI H. X. front
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