WATERING THE NEIGHBOUR'S GARDEN: THE GROWING - CICRED

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338 ZHENG Z. Commission (SFPC), the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Public Security, the Ministry of Civil Affairs, the Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare, the Ministry of Agriculture, the Ministry of Health, the State Bureau of Statistics and the State Administration of Drugs and All China Women’s Federation. The documents defined the responsibilities of each ministry and sectors to keep the SRB at a normal level. The main contents of the 2002 document, “Suggestions on Comprehensive Intervention to the Rising of Sex Ratio at Birth,” (guanyu zonghe zhili chusheng renkou xingbiebi shenggao wenti de yijian) are: • To clearly define responsibilities, enhance coordination and cooperation, implement comprehensive intervention; • Strengthen IEC activity, advocate scientific, civilized, and modern concept of marriage and childbearing; • Strengthen family planning and mother and child health (MCH) management at grassroots levels, carry out family planning and quality care service; • Implement measures to improve women’s status, establish rural social security system, improve incentive mechanism of family planning benefit; • Define and modify laws and regulations, to crack down on illegal foetus sex identification and sex-selective induced abortion rigorously; • Develop a plan to organize intervention to balance sex ratio at birth. There are five main legal ways (according to the review of the research team) to stop foetus sex identification and sex-selective induced abortion. 1) Definition of legal foetus sex identification practice: as defined by the laws (Maternal and Child Health Law, Population and Family Planning Law), foetus sex identification and sex-selective induced abortion for non-medical purposes are illegal, and any violation of the law is subject to criminal sanction and confiscation of the license to practice medicine. 2) Prohibition of sex-selective abortion: the punishments for nonmedical purpose of sex-selective pregnancy termination are: confiscating earnings from the sex selection services, fine, medical practice license cancellation, and even criminal sanction. 3) Control the distribution of abortion pills: abortion pills should be only available at certified health and family planning institutions and
INTERVENTIONS TO BALANCE SEX RATIO AT BIRTH IN RURAL CHINA should not be sold in any retail drugstore or by any individual. 4) Infant death report system: medical institutions should provide death certificate for newborn deaths in the institution, and inform local family planning department about the event. Parents should report a newborn’s death within 48 hours to the local government and family planning department, if the death happens outside medical institution. Any practice of forging death certificates should be considered a crime. 5) Enforcing gender equity in related areas by law and regulation could also have an impact on balancing sex ratio at birth in the long run. Changing the national laws and regulations take an even longer time, but some laws and regulations in the process of initiation and modification have considered gender equity issues, such as the draft of Labour and Employment Law (laodong hetong fa, 2006) which states that sex discrimination in employment is illegal. 3.2. The “Care for Girls” campaign and other related initiatives The National Population and Family Planning Commission (NPFPC) started a pilot intervention project entitled “Care for Girls” (guan ai nu hai) in March 2003. The short-term goal of the project is to create a favourable environment nationwide for girls’ development and reverse the trend of increasing sex ratio at birth through integrated measures in the next three to five years (which implies the year 2008, but officially it was not so clearly stated). The long-term goals are: (1) to create an incentive mechanism nationwide for girls’ development and for families who practice birth control and have only female child(ren); (2) to change people’s fertility ideology regarding son preference; and (3) to balance the sex ratio at birth by 2010 (NPFPC, 2005). The project has first been implemented in 11 provinces with high SRB, and one county with high SRB was selected as a pilot county in each province. The national “Care for Girls” campaign also has addressed the issue of imbalanced SRB by widely promoting gender equity in the media, and emphasizing the right for survival and development of girls. The project activities also include measures to help girls to continue schooling and complete nine-years of education, help poor families with only daughters, and encourage newly married couples to reverse the tradition of patrilocality. The project also emphasizes administrative measures to crack down on foetal sex identification practices and sex-selective abortions, and to eliminate female infanticide or girl baby abandonment. Some other governmental activities are likely to play a role in 339
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WATERING THE NEIGHBOUR’S GARDEN:
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Chapters in this volume originate f
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List of Authors Sutapa AGRAWAL is P
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Foreword The rampant demographic ma
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction Isab
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Introduction Isabelle ATTANÉ and C
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INTRODUCTION 3 point to an unexpect
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INTRODUCTION 5 women to avoid unwan
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INTRODUCTION 7 to estimate the cont
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INTRODUCTION 9 a feature common amo
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INTRODUCTION 11 women and may in tu
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INTRODUCTION 13 covering other regi
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INTRODUCTION 15 ratio at birth. Tha
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INTRODUCTION 17 Figure 2 Research l
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INTRODUCTION 19 This is no doubt an
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INTRODUCTION 21 References ATTANÉ
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Part I RECENT TRENDS IN SEX RATIO I
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26 LI S.-WEI Y.- JIANG Q. - M. W. F
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Sex Ratio at Birth and Excess Femal
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SEX RATIO AT BIRTH AND EXCESS FEMAL
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A Sharp Increase in Sex Ratio at Bi
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A SHARP INCREASE IN SEX RATIO AT BI
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Son Preference, Female Deficit and
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SON PREFERENCE, FEMALE DEFICIT… R
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Part II DIFFERENTIALS IN DISCRIMINA
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110 C.Z. GUILMOTO - I. ATTANÉ gap
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112 C.Z. GUILMOTO - I. ATTANÉ rise
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114 C.Z. GUILMOTO - I. ATTANÉ only
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116 C.Z. GUILMOTO - I. ATTANÉ adva
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118 C.Z. GUILMOTO - I. ATTANÉ nomi
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120 C.Z. GUILMOTO - I. ATTANÉ chil
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122 C.Z. GUILMOTO - I. ATTANÉ Figu
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124 C.Z. GUILMOTO - I. ATTANÉ incr
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126 C.Z. GUILMOTO - I. ATTANÉ itse
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128 C.Z. GUILMOTO - I. ATTANÉ patr
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1. Introduction Factors Influencing
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FACTORS INFLUENCING THE USE OF PREN
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Decreases in Male and Female Mortal
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DECREASES IN MALE AND FEMALE MORTAL
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184 KIM D.S. -SONG Y.J. birth at hi
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186 KIM D.S. -SONG Y.J. trance exam
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188 KIM D.S. -SONG Y.J. and on its
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190 KIM D.S. -SONG Y.J. striking. W
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192 KIM D.S. -SONG Y.J. Table 1 Sex
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194 KIM D.S. -SONG Y.J. maintained
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196 KIM D.S. -SONG Y.J. ritual is t
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198 KIM D.S. -SONG Y.J. and educati
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200 KIM D.S. -SONG Y.J. dents in ea
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202 KIM D.S. -SONG Y.J. behaviour i
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Part III LOCAL PERSPECTIVES ON GEND
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208 L. BOSSEN to support their husb
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210 L. BOSSEN The period of rural c
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212 L. BOSSEN throughout their live
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214 Figure 1 County sex ratio by bi
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216 L. BOSSEN The local demand for
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218 Table 3 Huang Tu Village change
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220 L. BOSSEN lineage which has the
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222 L. BOSSEN outside the patriline
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224 L. BOSSEN officials have not ye
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226 L. BOSSEN to households in its
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228 L. BOSSEN LI Shuzuo, FELDMAN Ma
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230 WU H. -M. FELDMAN -JIN X. -LI S
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Discrimination from Conception to C
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DISCRIMINATION FROM CONCEPTION TO C
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Is Son Preference Emerging among th
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IS SON PREFERENCE EMERGING AMONG TH
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