WATERING THE NEIGHBOUR'S GARDEN: THE GROWING - CICRED

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54 P. AROKIASAMY (Premi, 2002). In addition to this long-term trend of female disadvantage in child mortality, the recent evidence of sex ratio at birth beyond normal range of 106 boys per 100 girls provides an early warning about sex-selective abortion, differential foetal mortality, and unreported female infanticide. 4. Trends and differentials in sex ratio at birth The increase in juvenile sex ratio between 1991 and 2001 censuses shifts the concern from overall sex ratio to the child sex ratio. An excess of about 5 percent in the number of boys compared to girls reflects a natural biological balance in child sex ratio (0-5). In India, considering the level of excess female child mortality, a higher level of child sex ratio of 107 males per 100 females is considered reasonable, while child sex ratios above 107 should be viewed with serious concern. In the last fifty years, the proportion of girls has declined by 5 percent in India. During the past four decades, a clear increasing trend in the child sex ratio is evident in all states except Kerala (Parasuraman, 2001). The increase in child sex ratio shows a close correspondence with the rising trend in sex ratio at birth in most states of India during the last two decades (Figures 1 and 2). The rise in sex ratio at birth is steeper in the states of Delhi, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh and Punjab. The average sex ratio at birth of about 110 during 1983-86 rose to an average of 118 boys per 100 girls during 1995-98 in these states. Evidence from the census shows a steeper rise in SRB in Maharashtra and Gujarat, also during the two decades. Region-wise, the northern states show the steepest rise with western and eastern regions showing moderate rise (Figure 3). The trends fluctuate in the Empowered Action Group (EAG) states of Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Orissa with South Indian states showing some intermittent and marginal increases. The sex ratio at birth for the country as a whole, increased to 107 boys per 100 girls during 1995-98. However, abnormally high sex ratio at birth has been mostly observed in some states of North India. This is consistent with the indirect estimate of SRB of 107 during 1994- 2001 based on child population of 2001 census (Parasuraman, 2001). However, the 2001 census also indicates an SRB of 110 males per 100 females for births reported during the preceding year of census, suggesting the possibility that SRB may have increased steeply during the post NFHS-2 period of 1999-2001. In any case, the absolute deficit in female births is huge.
SEX RATIO AT BIRTH AND EXCESS FEMALE CHILD MORTALITY IN INDIA… Of greater concern is the emerging trend of higher sex ratio at birth in urban areas, compared to rural areas, in most of the states almost consistently throughout the four above mentioned periods. Two sets of maps depicting sex ratio at birth demonstrate the widening spread of higher sex ratio at birth in urban areas where the SRB is greater than 110 during the four periods between 1983 and 1998 in more than 8 states (Figures 1 & 2). Figure 1 Trends in sex ratio at birth, NFHS-1 (1992-93) & NFHS-2 (1998-99), rural India 55
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WATERING THE NEIGHBOUR’S GARDEN:
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Chapters in this volume originate f
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List of Authors Sutapa AGRAWAL is P
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Foreword The rampant demographic ma
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction Isab
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Introduction Isabelle ATTANÉ and C
Page 15 and 16: INTRODUCTION 3 point to an unexpect
Page 17 and 18: INTRODUCTION 5 women to avoid unwan
Page 19 and 20: INTRODUCTION 7 to estimate the cont
Page 21 and 22: INTRODUCTION 9 a feature common amo
Page 23 and 24: INTRODUCTION 11 women and may in tu
Page 25 and 26: INTRODUCTION 13 covering other regi
Page 27 and 28: INTRODUCTION 15 ratio at birth. Tha
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Page 31 and 32: INTRODUCTION 19 This is no doubt an
Page 33 and 34: INTRODUCTION 21 References ATTANÉ
Page 35: Part I RECENT TRENDS IN SEX RATIO I
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SON PREFERENCE, FEMALE DEFICIT… R
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Part II DIFFERENTIALS IN DISCRIMINA
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110 C.Z. GUILMOTO - I. ATTANÉ gap
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112 C.Z. GUILMOTO - I. ATTANÉ rise
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120 C.Z. GUILMOTO - I. ATTANÉ chil
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122 C.Z. GUILMOTO - I. ATTANÉ Figu
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126 C.Z. GUILMOTO - I. ATTANÉ itse
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128 C.Z. GUILMOTO - I. ATTANÉ patr
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1. Introduction Factors Influencing
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FACTORS INFLUENCING THE USE OF PREN
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Decreases in Male and Female Mortal
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DECREASES IN MALE AND FEMALE MORTAL
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184 KIM D.S. -SONG Y.J. birth at hi
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186 KIM D.S. -SONG Y.J. trance exam
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188 KIM D.S. -SONG Y.J. and on its
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190 KIM D.S. -SONG Y.J. striking. W
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192 KIM D.S. -SONG Y.J. Table 1 Sex
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194 KIM D.S. -SONG Y.J. maintained
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196 KIM D.S. -SONG Y.J. ritual is t
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198 KIM D.S. -SONG Y.J. and educati
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200 KIM D.S. -SONG Y.J. dents in ea
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202 KIM D.S. -SONG Y.J. behaviour i
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Part III LOCAL PERSPECTIVES ON GEND
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208 L. BOSSEN to support their husb
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210 L. BOSSEN The period of rural c
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212 L. BOSSEN throughout their live
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214 Figure 1 County sex ratio by bi
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216 L. BOSSEN The local demand for
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218 Table 3 Huang Tu Village change
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220 L. BOSSEN lineage which has the
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222 L. BOSSEN outside the patriline
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224 L. BOSSEN officials have not ye
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226 L. BOSSEN to households in its
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228 L. BOSSEN LI Shuzuo, FELDMAN Ma
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230 WU H. -M. FELDMAN -JIN X. -LI S
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Discrimination from Conception to C
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DISCRIMINATION FROM CONCEPTION TO C
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Is Son Preference Emerging among th
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IS SON PREFERENCE EMERGING AMONG TH
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Vulnerable Daughters in a Modernizi
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Interventions to Balance Sex Ratio
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INTERVENTIONS TO BALANCE SEX RATIO
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Son Preference and the Marriage Squ
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SON PREFERENCE AND THE MARRIAGE SQU
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366 G. HUGO -NGUYEN THI H. X. front
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Transnational Migration, Marriage a
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WATERING THE NEIGHBOUR'S GARDEN: THE GROWING - CICRED

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