WATERING THE NEIGHBOUR'S GARDEN: THE GROWING - CICRED

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36 LI S.–WEI Y.- JIANG Q. - M. W. FELDMAN at the aggregate level (Banister, 2004; Goodkind and West, 2005), but further study is needed to elucidate regional differences. Figure 10 presents the dynamic of SRB and I 0 in 1981, 1990 and in 2000 from the last three censuses. Figure 10 Dynamics of sex ratio at birth and excess female infant mortality indexes in 1981, 1990 and 2000 Note: Variables shown on the X and Y axes are respectively the increase in sex ratio at birth (ΔSRB) and in excess female infant mortality (ΔI0) for the 1981-1990 and 1990-2000 periods. Source: Calculation based on Figure 4 and Figure 6. For Guangxi, the variations are out of the range of this figure, in the upper right corner.
IMBALANCED SEX RATIO AT BIRTH AND FEMALE CHILD … An additive effect was observed in most provinces from 1982- 1990 because both SRB and I0 are positive. A notable additive effect occurred in Guangxi, Henan, Gansu, Shandong, Jiangxi and Fujian, and a substitutive effect was obvious in Jiangsu and Guizhou, while both are negative in Anhui, which indicates a reductive effect there. Most provinces also evinced additive effects from 1990-2000; obvious additive effects are in the provinces Guangdong, Jiangxi, Anhui, Hunan, Hubei, Hainan, and Hebei, while relatively obvious substitutive effects occurred in provinces Fujian, Henan, and Qinghai. Shandong seems to exhibit a reductive effect. In brief, discrimination against girls has showed mainly additive effects since the 1980s, and the discrimination itself has intensified in recent years. Before the 1990s, the additive effect was more noticeable in the coastal eastern provinces, while the substitutive effect was only observed in some developed provinces and in Guizhou, and the additive effect was more likely to appear in I0. After the 1990s, the additive effect has been observed nationwide, and the number of provinces that showed substitutive effects also increased. As with the trend before 1990, substitutive effects of prenatal discrimination (rise in SRB, drop in I0) are more likely to appear in developed provinces, while postnatal discrimination substitution (drop in SRB, rise in I0) is more likely to appear in less developed areas and minority autonomous regions. The difference in additive effect reflects regional differences in population policy and son preference while the substitutive effect shows not only those differences, but also indicates differences in the availability of prenatal sex determination technology (Goodkind and Branch, 2005). 3.2. Causes of the missing females at young ages Causes of the rise in sex ratio at birth and excess female child mortality can be classified into two categories: first, we discuss proximal reasons, and second, fundamental reasons that derive from China's culture, economics, and policies. The proximal reasons for the rise in sex ratio at birth can be summarized as follows: female infanticide, underreporting and misreporting for female infants (Attané, 2005; Banister, 2004), and sex-selective abortion of female foetuses (Gu and Roy, 1995; Li et al., 2004). Recent studies demonstrate that it is sexselective abortion rather than female infanticide or underreporting that has caused the rise in SRB (Banister, 2004; Wei et al., 2005). The main reason for excess female child mortality is the inequity in medical care between male and female children (Hazarika, 2000). The deeply rooted son preference in China results in discrimination against girls in nutrition, preventive and curative health care, and these cause excess mor- 37
Page 1: WATERING THE NEIGHBOUR’S GARDEN:
Page 4 and 5: Chapters in this volume originate f
Page 7 and 8: List of Authors Sutapa AGRAWAL is P
Page 9 and 10: Foreword The rampant demographic ma
Page 11 and 12: TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction Isab
Page 13 and 14: Introduction Isabelle ATTANÉ and C
Page 15 and 16: INTRODUCTION 3 point to an unexpect
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Page 21 and 22: INTRODUCTION 9 a feature common amo
Page 23 and 24: INTRODUCTION 11 women and may in tu
Page 25 and 26: INTRODUCTION 13 covering other regi
Page 27 and 28: INTRODUCTION 15 ratio at birth. Tha
Page 29 and 30: INTRODUCTION 17 Figure 2 Research l
Page 31 and 32: INTRODUCTION 19 This is no doubt an
Page 33 and 34: INTRODUCTION 21 References ATTANÉ
Page 35: Part I RECENT TRENDS IN SEX RATIO I
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A SHARP INCREASE IN SEX RATIO AT BI
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Son Preference, Female Deficit and
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Part II DIFFERENTIALS IN DISCRIMINA
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1. Introduction Factors Influencing
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FACTORS INFLUENCING THE USE OF PREN
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Decreases in Male and Female Mortal
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DECREASES IN MALE AND FEMALE MORTAL
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192 KIM D.S. -SONG Y.J. Table 1 Sex
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202 KIM D.S. -SONG Y.J. behaviour i
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Part III LOCAL PERSPECTIVES ON GEND
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208 L. BOSSEN to support their husb
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210 L. BOSSEN The period of rural c
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212 L. BOSSEN throughout their live
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214 Figure 1 County sex ratio by bi
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216 L. BOSSEN The local demand for
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218 Table 3 Huang Tu Village change
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220 L. BOSSEN lineage which has the
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222 L. BOSSEN outside the patriline
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224 L. BOSSEN officials have not ye
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226 L. BOSSEN to households in its
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228 L. BOSSEN LI Shuzuo, FELDMAN Ma
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230 WU H. -M. FELDMAN -JIN X. -LI S
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Discrimination from Conception to C
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DISCRIMINATION FROM CONCEPTION TO C
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Is Son Preference Emerging among th
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IS SON PREFERENCE EMERGING AMONG TH
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Vulnerable Daughters in a Modernizi
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Interventions to Balance Sex Ratio
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INTERVENTIONS TO BALANCE SEX RATIO
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Son Preference and the Marriage Squ
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SON PREFERENCE AND THE MARRIAGE SQU
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366 G. HUGO -NGUYEN THI H. X. front
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WATERING THE NEIGHBOUR'S GARDEN: THE GROWING - CICRED

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