Prosecuting International Crimes in Africa - PULP - University of ...

Prosecuting piracy in the horn of Africa: The case of Kenya 239
jurisdiction when such offence is committed: against or on board a ship
flying the flag of the State at the time the offence is committed; in the
territory of that State, including its territorial sea; and, finally, by a national
of the State. 32
A State may also establish jurisdiction over any such offence when: It
is committed by a stateless person whose habitual residence is in that State
or during its commission a national of that State is seized, threatened,
injured or killed, or it is committed in an attempt to compel that State to
do or abstain from doing any act. 33 Further, under the customary
international law principle of universal jurisdiction, just any other state has
jurisdiction to try heinous international crimes such as piracy.
The basis for this is that the crimes involved are regarded as particularly
offensive to the international community as a whole ... Universal jurisdiction
over piracy has been accepted under international law for many centuries and
constitutes a long-established principle of the world community. 34
Piracy is in fact the original universal jurisdiction crime, and it has been an
inspiration for the modern expansion of universal jurisdiction. 35 It is the
oldest crime to which universal jurisdiction applies. 36 Apart from piracy,
such jurisdiction can only be exercised over the most heinous crimes such
as genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes. 37 Citing Lowe,
Write has argued that piracy may not be exactly heinous: ‘the rationale for
universal jurisdiction is that by definition piracy occurs on the high seas
31
endanger the safe navigation of that ship; or (4) Places or causes to be placed
on a ship, by any means whatsoever, a device or substance which is likely to
destroy that ship, or cause damage to that ship or its cargo which endangers or
is likely to endanger the safe navigation of that ship; or (5) Destroys or
seriously damages maritime navigational facilities or seriously interferes with
their operation, if any such act is likely to endanger the safe navigation of ship;
or (6) Communicates information which he knows to be false, thereby
endangering the safe navigation of ship; or (7) Injures or kills any person, in
connection with the commission or the attempted commission of any of the
offences set forth in subparagraphs (a) to (f).
Any person also commits an offence if that person: (1) attempts to commit any
of the offences set forth in paragraph 1; or (2) abets the commission of any of
the offences set forth in paragraph 1 perpetrated by person or is otherwise an
accomplice of a person who commits such an offence; or (3) Threatens, with or
without a condition, as is provided for under national law, aimed at compelling
a physical or juridical person to do or refrain from doing any act, to commit
any of the offences set forth in paragraph 1, subparagraphs (b), (c) and (e), if
that threat is likely to endanger the safe navigation of the ship in question.
32 Art 6(1).
33 Art 6(2).
34
Shaw (n 21 above) 470.
35 E Kontorovich & S Art ‘An empirical examination of universal jurisdiction for piracy’
(2010) 104 American Journal of International Law 437.
36
YM Dutton ‘Bringing pirates to justice: A case for including piracy within the
jurisdiction of the international criminal court’ (2010) 11 Chicago Journal of International
Law 201.
37
J Write ‘Retribution but no recompense: A critique of the torturer’s immunity from civil
suit’ (2010) 30 Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 159.