47. Pakistan Economic Survey 2011-12 - Consultancy Services in ...

Promote and devise methods for harvestingrain water using low-cost structures. Clarify national sanitation policy in order tomake it explicit and consistent. Encourage and promote public toilets in allurban centres. Develop systems for safe sewage disposal. Awareness raising and bringing an attitudinalchange. Generate resources (locally and nationally) andensure participation of stakeholders. Guide appropriate technical choices. Establish public-private-civil societycollaborative arrangements.According to a report released by theWHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (JMP)2012, in Pakistan 92 percent people had gainedaccess to source of drinking water by 2010 whilethis ratio was 85 percent and 89 percent in 1990and 2000 respectively. The MDG target is toachieve the ratio of 93 percent by 2015. Moreover,48 percent people have been using improvedsanitation by 2010 while this ratio was 27 percentand 37 percent in 1990 and 2000 respectively. TheMDG target for access to sanitation is 90 percentby 2015.ForestCurrently Pakistan has only 5.17 percent of totalland area covered with forest placing Pakistanamong countries with low forest cover. Thecountry’s forest area is divided into state-ownedforests, communal forests and privately ownedforests. Major forest types existing in Pakistan aretemperate and subtropical conifer forests, scrubforests, riverine forests (irrigated plantations), linerplantation (roadside, canal-side) and mangroveforests. The existing forest resources in the countryare under severe pressure to meet the fuel-woodand timber needs of a rapidly growing population.In addition to this, the wood based industriesincluding housing, sports, matches and furnitureare continuously growing.EnvironmentForests and REDD+(Reducing Emissions from Deforestation andDegradation plus)Increasing GHG emissions are contributing toglobal warming and leading to accelerated climatechange. The REDD+ initiative facilitates tradebetween developed countries who are net emittersof GHG and the developing countries who are netnon-emitters, since they do not have heavyindustry that produce carbon but have forests thatcan stock excess carbon in the air. Under REDD+mechanism, the emitters may trade their carbon tobe consumed/stocked by forests in developingcountries at a per ton cost to be calculated as perCertified Emission Reduction (CER). This processbuilds a nexus between climate change and forestcarbon credits. Therefore, the concept of REDD+was developed as an incentive based mitigationresponse from the Montreal Climate ChangeNegotiations (COP 11) in 2005 to address 17-25percent reported global share from deforestationand forests degradation. This will involveenhancing existing forests and increasing forestcover. This concept has three important phases: Readiness phase (2010-2012): enactingnational strategies supported by appropriatecapacity building Pilot phase or Investments phase: ‘learningby doing’ through pilot projects. This isunderway in some countries, before theenactment of international rules. Implementation or Operations phase (2013-2020): performance-based payments are made,either by direct funding or via links to theglobal carbon market, leading to the globalimplementation of REDD+.REDD+ Potential and Pakistan:Pakistan has a low forest cover with diversifiedforest types from coastal mangrove and riverineecosystem to alpine Chir Pine forests within placeddiversified community. There is a decline inoverall forest cover in Pakistan, with the amount offorests declining by just under 2 percent in the1990s, but by more than 2 percent in just fiveyears, from 2000 to 2005. This decline needs to betaken into account to get maximum benefits fromComment [MM11]: toilets, surely?Comment [MM12]: right?Comment [MM13]: first paragraph on page 10put the global access to water at 87 percent in 2011.It droped 5% in a year?Comment [MM14]: on page 12, the MDG targetfor 2015 is stated to be 87+2= 89 percent? thesereports need to be consistent.243