Technologies and Costs for Removal of Arsenic From Drinking Water

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LIST OF FIGURES2-1 Pressure Driven Membrane Process Classification ........................... 2-283-1 Pre-oxidation - 1.5 mg/L Chlorine Capital Costs ............................. 3-213-2 Pre-oxidation - 1.5 mg/L Chlorine O&M Costs .............................. 3-223-3 Enhanced Coagulation/Filtration Capital Costs .............................. 3-263-4 Enhanced Coagulation/Filtration O&M Cost ................................ 3-273-5 Coagulation Assisted Microfiltration Capital Cost ............................ 3-303-6 Coagulation Assisted Microfiltration O&M Cost ............................. 3-313-7 Enhanced Lime Softening Capital Cost ..................................... 3-343-8 Enhanced Lime Softening O&M Cost ...................................... 3-353-9 Activated Alumina Capital Costs - Natural pH .............................. 3-413-10 Activated Alumina O&M Costs - Natural pH of 7-8 .......................... 3-423-11 Activated Alumina O&M Costs - Natural pH of 8-8.3 ......................... 3-433-12 Activated Alumina Capital Costs - pH Adjusted to 6.0 ........................ 3-443-13 Activated Alumina O&M Costs - pH Adjusted to 6.0, 23,100 BV ................ 3-453-14 Activated Alumina O&M Costs - pH Adjusted to 6.0, 15,400 BV ................ 3-463-15 Bed Volumes to Arsenic Breakthrough as a Function of Sulfate Concentration ...... 3-513-16 Anion Exchange (< 20 mg/L SO 4 ) Capital Cost .............................. 3-523-17 Anion Exchange (< 20 mg/L SO 4 ) O&M Cost ............................... 3-533-18 Anion Exchange (20-50 mg/L SO 4 ) Capital Cost ............................. 3-543-19 Anion Exchange (20-50 mg/L SO 4 ) Capital Cost ............................. 3-553-20 Greensand Filtration Capital Cost ........................................ 3-593-21 Greensand Filtration O&M Cost .......................................... 3-604-1 Anion Exchange (< 20 mg/L SO 4 ) Disposal Capital Costs - POTW Discharge ...... 4-234-2 Anion Exchange (< 20 mg/L SO 4 ) Disposal O&M Costs - POTW Discharge ....... 4-244-3 Anion Exchange (20 - 50 mg/L SO 4 ) Disposal Capital Costs - POTW Discharge .... 4-254-4 Anion Exchange (20 - 50 mg/L SO 4 ) Disposal O&M Costs - POTW Discharge ..... 4-264-5 Mechanical Dewatering and Non-hazardous Landfill, Coagulation-AssistedMicrofiltration, Disposal Capital Costs .................................... 4-274-6 Mechanical Dewatering and Non-hazardous Landfill, Coagulation-AssistedMicrofiltration, Disposal O&M Costs ..................................... 4-284-7 Non-Mechanical Dewatering and Non-hazardous Landfill, Coagulation-AssistedMicrofiltration, Disposal Capital Costs .................................... 4-294-8 Non-Mechanical Dewatering and Non-hazardous Landfill, Coagulation-AssistedMicrofiltration, Disposal O&M Costs ..................................... 4-30vi
4-9 Non-hazardous Landfill, Activated Alumina - pH 7-8, Disposal O&M Costs ....... 4-314-10 Non-hazardous Landfill, Activated Alumina - pH 8-8.3, Disposal O&M Costs ...... 4-324-11 Non-hazardous Landfill, Activated Alumina - pH 6 (23,100 BV),Disposal O&M Costs .................................................. 4-334-12 Non-hazardous Landfill, Activated Alumina - pH 6 (15,400 BV),Disposal O&M Costs .................................................. 4-344-13 POTW Discharge - 500', Greensand Filtration, Disposal Capital Costs ........... 4-354-14 POTW Discharge - 500', Greensand Filtration, Disposal O&M Costs ............. 4-365-1 POU Capital Costs, Reverse Osmosis ...................................... 5-85-2 POU O&M Costs, Reverse Osmosis ....................................... 5-95-3 POU Capital Costs, Activated Alumina .................................... 5-135-4 POU O&M Costs, Activated Alumina ..................................... 5-14vii
Page 1: United StatesEnvironmental Protecti
Page 5: ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThis document was pr
Page 8 and 9: 2.5.7 Reverse Osmosis .............
Page 10 and 11: 5.0 POINT-OF-ENTRY/POINT-OF-USE TRE
Page 14 and 15: LIST OF ACRONYMSAAAWWAAWWARFBLSBVC/
Page 16 and 17: POUpoint-of-useppbparts per billion
Page 18 and 19: # Alternative treatment processes s
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Page 23 and 24: ends up as ferric hydroxide. In alu
Page 25 and 26: Optimization Hierarchy for Coagulat
Page 27 and 28: Substantial arsenic removal has bee
Page 29 and 30: Vickers et al. (1997) reported that
Page 31 and 32: was reduced to 0.05 mg/L when the i
Page 33 and 34: Field StudiesSurveys of lime soften
Page 35 and 36: Effect of pHpH may have significant
Page 37 and 38: RegenerationRegeneration of AA beds
Page 39 and 40: een developed provide important inf
Page 41 and 42: applicability of IX at a particular
Page 43 and 44: TABLE 2-1Typical IX Resins for Arse
Page 45 and 46: solution strength. Arsenic elutes r
Page 47 and 48: 2.4.12 Typical Design ParametersThr
Page 49 and 50: 2.5.2 Important Factors for Membran
Page 51 and 52: arsenic size distribution to correl
Page 53 and 54: AWWARF (1998) also performed UF pil
Page 55 and 56: presumably due to changes in electr
Page 57 and 58: RO performance is adversely affecte
Page 59 and 60: TABLE 2-10Arsenic Removal with RO a
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2.6 ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES2.6.1 I
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20 mg As per gram of iron was remov
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The most significant weakness of th
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3.0 TECHNOLOGY COSTS3.1 INTRODUCTIO
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included in the estimates presented
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Table 3-3Water Model Capital Cost B
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3.2.3 Implementing TDP Recommended
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sources. The September 1998 index v
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Amortization, or capital recovery,
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3.3 ADDITIONAL CAPITAL COSTSThe cos
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PilotingThe Technology Design Panel
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The 1993 Technology and Cost Docume
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cause disinfection by-product (DBP)
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Figure 3-1Pre-oxidation - 1.5 mg/L
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3.6 PRECIPITATIVE PROCESSES3.6.1 Co
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enhanced coagulation treatment plan
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Figure 3-4Enhanced Coagulation/Filt
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Small Systems (Less than 1 mgd)The
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Figure 3-6Coagulation Assisted Micr
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3.6.6 Enhanced Lime SofteningEnhanc
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Figure 3-8Enhanced Lime SofteningO&
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3. Empty Bed Contact Time (EBCT) is
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For design flows greater than 1 mgd
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Figure 3-9Activated AluminaCapital
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Figure 3-11Activated Alumina (pH 8
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Figure 3-13Activated Alumina (pH Ad
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3.7.2 Granular Ferric HydroxideGran
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6. The capital costs include a redu
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Figure 3-15Bed Volumes to Arsenic B
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Figure 3-17Anion Exchange (< 20 mg/
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Figure 3-19Anion Exchange (20-50 mg
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quality feed stream and often requi
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Figure 3-20Greensand FiltrationCapi
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3.11 COMPARISON OF COSTSThe April 1
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4.0 RESIDUALS HANDLING AND DISPOSAL
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mechanical dewatering processes. Wh
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Storage lagoons are best suited for
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the current Industrial Pretreatment
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4.3.3 Dewatered Sludge Land Applica
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usually determined by the Paint Fil
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for arsenic toxicity by a substanti
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The solids content of the backwash
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carbonate hardness removal produces
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Domestic sewage means untreated san
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4.4.10 Reverse OsmosisReverse osmos
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Figure 4-1Anion Exchange (< 20 mg/L
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Figure 4-3Anion Exchange (20-50 mg/
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Figure 4-9Activated Alumina (pH 7 -
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Figure 4-11Activated Alumina (pH Ad
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Figure 4-13Greensand FiltrationWast
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5.0 POINT-OF-ENTRY/POINT-OF-USE TRE
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chromatographic peaking, which occu
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5.3.1 Case Study 1: Fairbanks, Alas
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Manufacturer and laboratory data su
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Figure 5-2POU Reverse OsmosisO&M Co
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# Installation time - 1 hour unskil
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Figure 5-3POU Activated AluminaTota
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6.0 REFERENCESAmy, G.L. and P. Bran
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Cooperative Research Centres for Wa
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Fuller, C.C., J.A. Davis, G.W. Zell
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Le, X.C., and M. Ma (1998). “Dete
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Scott, K., J. Green, H.D. Do and S.
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Appendix AVery Small Systems Capita
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Table A4 - VSS Document Capital Cos
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Table B1.1 - Base Costs Obtained fr
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Table B11.1 - Base Costs Obtained f
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Table B13.1 - Base Costs Obtained f
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Appendix CW/W Cost Model Capital Co
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Table C2.1 - Base Costs Obtained fr
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Table C10.1 - Base Costs Obtained f
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APPENDIX D: BASIS FOR REVISED ACTIV
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Company case study is 18 minutes (2
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egressed against their respective v
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costs for small systems is as follo
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were based on $40/sq ft). The proce
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Basis. Capital cost components incl
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The source water at Plant D has the
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equation y = (2*10 -8 )x 2 + 0.0002
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The maximum run length is 18,500 be
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Since the available arsenic capacit
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If the first column can be operated
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which includes lighting, ventilatio
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disposal costs, if needed, are cove
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Appendix EBasis for Revised Anion E
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2. The estimated cost of the anion
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9. The capital costs have been esti
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Thus, the cost of a road and fence
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length when sulfate is at or below
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the labor rates for both large and
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2. US EPA. Technologies and Costs f
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Technologies and Costs for Removal of Arsenic From Drinking Water

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