Technologies and Costs for Removal of Arsenic From Drinking Water

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Table C20.1 - Base Costs Obtained from the WATERCO$T Model for Recarbonation, Liquid Carbon DioxideCost ComponentInstalled Capacity (lb/day)Capital Cost380 750 1,500 3,750 7,500 15,000 CategoryManufactured Equipment $27,000 $31,000 $35,250 $49,250 $73,000 $141,000 pLabor $7,650 $8,780 $12,170 $17,330 $28,990 $58,010 cPipes and Valves $1,530 $2,340 $4,620 $8,710 $16,940 $37,540 pHousing $7,360 $7,360 $7,360 $7,360 $8,450 $8,900 pContingencies $6,530 $7,420 $8,910 $12,400 $19,110 $36,820 cTotal $50,070 $56,900 $68,310 $95,050 $146,490 $282,270Table C20.2 - WATERCO$T Model Base Construction Cost Analysis for Recarbonation, Liquid Carbon DioxideCost ComponentInstalled Capacity (lb/day)Average380 750 1,500 3,750 7,500 15,000 PercentManufactured Equipment 53.92% 54.48% 51.60% 51.81% 49.83% 49.95% 51.93%Labor 15.28% 15.43% 17.82% 18.23% 19.79% 20.55% 17.85%Pipes and Valves 3.06% 4.11% 6.76% 9.16% 11.56% 13.30% 7.99%Housing 14.70% 12.93% 10.77% 7.74% 5.77% 3.15% 9.18%Contingencies 13.04% 13.04% 13.04% 13.05% 13.05% 13.04% 13.04%Total 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%International Consultants, Inc.Contract 68-C6-0039 C-20February 1999W/W Cost Model Capital Cost Breakdown
Table C21.1 - Base Costs Obtained from the WATERCO$T Model for Recarbonation BasinsCost ComponentSingle Basin Volume (ft3)Capital Cost770 1,375 2,750 5,630 8,800 17,600 35,200 CategoryExcavation & Sitework $520 $620 $980 $1,390 $1,790 $3,050 $5,570 cConcrete $1,380 $1,860 $2,820 $4,050 $5,190 $8,570 $15,320 pSteel $2,250 $3,010 $4,670 $6,560 $8,320 $13,960 $25,240 pLabor $2,830 $3,800 $5,730 $8,090 $10,240 $16,740 $29,730 cPipes and Valves $90 $130 $250 $480 $680 $1,360 $3,360 pContingencies $1,060 $1,410 $2,170 $3,090 $3,930 $6,550 $11,880 cTotal $8,130 $10,830 $16,620 $23,660 $30,150 $50,230 $91,100Table C21.2 - WATERCO$T Model Base Construction Cost Analysis for Recarbonation BasinsCost ComponentSingle Basin Volume (ft3)Average770 1,375 2,750 5,630 8,800 17,600 35,200 PercentExcavation & Sitework 6.40% 5.72% 5.90% 5.87% 5.94% 6.07% 6.11% 6.00%Concrete 16.97% 17.17% 16.97% 17.12% 17.21% 17.06% 16.82% 17.05%Steel 27.68% 27.79% 28.10% 27.73% 27.60% 27.79% 27.71% 27.77%Labor 34.81% 35.09% 34.48% 34.19% 33.96% 33.33% 32.63% 34.07%Pipes and Valves 1.11% 1.20% 1.50% 2.03% 2.26% 2.71% 3.69% 2.07%Contingencies 13.04% 13.02% 13.06% 13.06% 13.03% 13.04% 13.04% 13.04%Total 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%International Consultants, Inc.Contract 68-C6-0039 C-21February 1999W/W Cost Model Capital Cost Breakdown
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United StatesEnvironmental Protecti
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThis document was pr
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2.5.7 Reverse Osmosis .............
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5.0 POINT-OF-ENTRY/POINT-OF-USE TRE
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LIST OF FIGURES2-1 Pressure Driven
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LIST OF ACRONYMSAAAWWAAWWARFBLSBVC/
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POUpoint-of-useppbparts per billion
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# Alternative treatment processes s
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ends up as ferric hydroxide. In alu
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Optimization Hierarchy for Coagulat
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Substantial arsenic removal has bee
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Vickers et al. (1997) reported that
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was reduced to 0.05 mg/L when the i
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Field StudiesSurveys of lime soften
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Effect of pHpH may have significant
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RegenerationRegeneration of AA beds
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een developed provide important inf
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applicability of IX at a particular
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TABLE 2-1Typical IX Resins for Arse
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solution strength. Arsenic elutes r
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2.4.12 Typical Design ParametersThr
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2.5.2 Important Factors for Membran
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arsenic size distribution to correl
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AWWARF (1998) also performed UF pil
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presumably due to changes in electr
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RO performance is adversely affecte
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TABLE 2-10Arsenic Removal with RO a
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eversal is the decreased potential
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2.6 ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES2.6.1 I
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20 mg As per gram of iron was remov
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The most significant weakness of th
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3.0 TECHNOLOGY COSTS3.1 INTRODUCTIO
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included in the estimates presented
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Table 3-3Water Model Capital Cost B
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3.2.3 Implementing TDP Recommended
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sources. The September 1998 index v
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Amortization, or capital recovery,
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3.3 ADDITIONAL CAPITAL COSTSThe cos
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PilotingThe Technology Design Panel
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The 1993 Technology and Cost Docume
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cause disinfection by-product (DBP)
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Figure 3-1Pre-oxidation - 1.5 mg/L
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3.6 PRECIPITATIVE PROCESSES3.6.1 Co
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enhanced coagulation treatment plan
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Figure 3-4Enhanced Coagulation/Filt
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Small Systems (Less than 1 mgd)The
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Figure 3-6Coagulation Assisted Micr
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3.6.6 Enhanced Lime SofteningEnhanc
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Figure 3-8Enhanced Lime SofteningO&
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3. Empty Bed Contact Time (EBCT) is
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For design flows greater than 1 mgd
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Figure 3-9Activated AluminaCapital
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Figure 3-11Activated Alumina (pH 8
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Figure 3-13Activated Alumina (pH Ad
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3.7.2 Granular Ferric HydroxideGran
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6. The capital costs include a redu
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Figure 3-15Bed Volumes to Arsenic B
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Figure 3-17Anion Exchange (< 20 mg/
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Figure 3-19Anion Exchange (20-50 mg
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quality feed stream and often requi
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Figure 3-20Greensand FiltrationCapi
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3.11 COMPARISON OF COSTSThe April 1
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4.0 RESIDUALS HANDLING AND DISPOSAL
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mechanical dewatering processes. Wh
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Storage lagoons are best suited for
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the current Industrial Pretreatment
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4.3.3 Dewatered Sludge Land Applica
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usually determined by the Paint Fil
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for arsenic toxicity by a substanti
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The solids content of the backwash
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carbonate hardness removal produces
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Domestic sewage means untreated san
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4.4.10 Reverse OsmosisReverse osmos
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Figure 4-1Anion Exchange (< 20 mg/L
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Figure 4-3Anion Exchange (20-50 mg/
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Figure 4-9Activated Alumina (pH 7 -
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Figure 4-11Activated Alumina (pH Ad
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Figure 4-13Greensand FiltrationWast
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5.0 POINT-OF-ENTRY/POINT-OF-USE TRE
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chromatographic peaking, which occu
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5.3.1 Case Study 1: Fairbanks, Alas
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Manufacturer and laboratory data su
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Figure 5-2POU Reverse OsmosisO&M Co
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# Installation time - 1 hour unskil
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Figure 5-3POU Activated AluminaTota
Page 181 and 182: 6.0 REFERENCESAmy, G.L. and P. Bran
Page 183 and 184: Cooperative Research Centres for Wa
Page 185 and 186: Fuller, C.C., J.A. Davis, G.W. Zell
Page 187 and 188: Le, X.C., and M. Ma (1998). “Dete
Page 189 and 190: Scott, K., J. Green, H.D. Do and S.
Page 191: Appendix AVery Small Systems Capita
Page 194 and 195: Table A4 - VSS Document Capital Cos
Page 197 and 198: Table B1.1 - Base Costs Obtained fr
Page 207 and 208: Table B11.1 - Base Costs Obtained f
Page 209 and 210: Table B13.1 - Base Costs Obtained f
Page 211: Appendix CW/W Cost Model Capital Co
Page 214 and 215: Table C2.1 - Base Costs Obtained fr
Page 222 and 223: Table C10.1 - Base Costs Obtained f
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Page 243 and 244: APPENDIX D: BASIS FOR REVISED ACTIV
Page 245 and 246: Company case study is 18 minutes (2
Page 247 and 248: egressed against their respective v
Page 249 and 250: costs for small systems is as follo
Page 251 and 252: were based on $40/sq ft). The proce
Page 253 and 254: Basis. Capital cost components incl
Page 255 and 256: The source water at Plant D has the
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Page 259 and 260: The maximum run length is 18,500 be
Page 261 and 262: Since the available arsenic capacit
Page 263 and 264: If the first column can be operated
Page 265 and 266: which includes lighting, ventilatio
Page 267 and 268: disposal costs, if needed, are cove
Page 269: Appendix EBasis for Revised Anion E
Page 272 and 273: 2. The estimated cost of the anion
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Page 276 and 277: Thus, the cost of a road and fence
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Page 280 and 281: the labor rates for both large and
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2. US EPA. Technologies and Costs f
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Technologies and Costs for Removal of Arsenic From Drinking Water

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