Technologies and Costs for Removal of Arsenic From Drinking Water

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9. The capital costs have been estimated from the total process costs using a factor of 2.5 forsmall systems and 3.33 for large systems.Basis. The capital costs have been estimated from the process equipment costs using the ratioin the Guide for Implementing Phase I Water Treatment Cost Upgrades (8). The process costswere assumed to be 40% of the capital costs for small systems. The breakdown of capitalcosts for small systems is as follows: 40% process costs, 40% construction costs, and 20%engineering costs. For large systems, the breakdown of capital cost is: 30% process costs,40% construction, and 30% engineering.10. The capital costs estimated in the previous step do not include the cost of a building to housethe process equipment and other add-on costs related to the site. Housing costs were assumedfor all sites. Fence and road were only assumed for those systems that have no treatment.Basis. Data from the 1995 Community Water Systems Survey were used to identify thepercentage of systems without treatment (9). The data from ground water systems is asfollows:Table E-1.Percentage of Ground Water Systems with No Treatment: Systems Serving # 3,300 PeoplePopulation Category25 - 100 101 - 500 501 - 1,000 1,001 - 3,30043% 19% 16% 18%E-4
Table E-2Percentage of Ground Water Systems with No Treatment: Systems Serving > 3,300 PeoplePopulation Category3,301 - 10,000 10,001 - 50,000 50,001 - 100,000 100,001 - 1 MIL13% 1% 11% 0%Larger ground water systems rely on multiple entry points to supply ground water rather thanone well. Thus, treatment may be present in the system, but only at one of the wells. Since theanalysis is based on no treatment throughout the system, using the percentages for largersystems could underestimate the need for roads and fences at some entry points. Therefore,the 18% without treatment from the 1,001 - 3,300 category was applied to the four largersystem categories. The following table summarizes the percentage used for each of the sizecategories.Table E-3Assumed Percentage of Ground Water Systems with No TreatmentPopulation CategoryPercentage of GWS w/o any Treatment25 - 100 43%101 - 500 19%501 - 1,000 16%1,001 - 3,300 18%3,301 - 10,000 18%10,001 - 50,000 18%50,001 - 100,000 18%100,001 - 1 MIL 18%E-5
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United StatesEnvironmental Protecti
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThis document was pr
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2.5.7 Reverse Osmosis .............
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5.0 POINT-OF-ENTRY/POINT-OF-USE TRE
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LIST OF FIGURES2-1 Pressure Driven
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LIST OF ACRONYMSAAAWWAAWWARFBLSBVC/
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POUpoint-of-useppbparts per billion
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# Alternative treatment processes s
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ends up as ferric hydroxide. In alu
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Optimization Hierarchy for Coagulat
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Substantial arsenic removal has bee
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Vickers et al. (1997) reported that
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was reduced to 0.05 mg/L when the i
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Field StudiesSurveys of lime soften
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Effect of pHpH may have significant
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RegenerationRegeneration of AA beds
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een developed provide important inf
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applicability of IX at a particular
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TABLE 2-1Typical IX Resins for Arse
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solution strength. Arsenic elutes r
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2.4.12 Typical Design ParametersThr
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2.5.2 Important Factors for Membran
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arsenic size distribution to correl
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AWWARF (1998) also performed UF pil
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presumably due to changes in electr
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RO performance is adversely affecte
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TABLE 2-10Arsenic Removal with RO a
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eversal is the decreased potential
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2.6 ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES2.6.1 I
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20 mg As per gram of iron was remov
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The most significant weakness of th
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3.0 TECHNOLOGY COSTS3.1 INTRODUCTIO
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included in the estimates presented
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Table 3-3Water Model Capital Cost B
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3.2.3 Implementing TDP Recommended
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sources. The September 1998 index v
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Amortization, or capital recovery,
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3.3 ADDITIONAL CAPITAL COSTSThe cos
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PilotingThe Technology Design Panel
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The 1993 Technology and Cost Docume
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cause disinfection by-product (DBP)
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Figure 3-1Pre-oxidation - 1.5 mg/L
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3.6 PRECIPITATIVE PROCESSES3.6.1 Co
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enhanced coagulation treatment plan
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Figure 3-4Enhanced Coagulation/Filt
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Small Systems (Less than 1 mgd)The
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Figure 3-6Coagulation Assisted Micr
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3.6.6 Enhanced Lime SofteningEnhanc
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Figure 3-8Enhanced Lime SofteningO&
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3. Empty Bed Contact Time (EBCT) is
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For design flows greater than 1 mgd
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Figure 3-9Activated AluminaCapital
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Figure 3-11Activated Alumina (pH 8
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Figure 3-13Activated Alumina (pH Ad
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3.7.2 Granular Ferric HydroxideGran
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6. The capital costs include a redu
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Figure 3-15Bed Volumes to Arsenic B
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Figure 3-17Anion Exchange (< 20 mg/
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Figure 3-19Anion Exchange (20-50 mg
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quality feed stream and often requi
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Figure 3-20Greensand FiltrationCapi
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3.11 COMPARISON OF COSTSThe April 1
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4.0 RESIDUALS HANDLING AND DISPOSAL
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mechanical dewatering processes. Wh
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Storage lagoons are best suited for
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the current Industrial Pretreatment
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4.3.3 Dewatered Sludge Land Applica
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usually determined by the Paint Fil
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for arsenic toxicity by a substanti
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The solids content of the backwash
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carbonate hardness removal produces
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Domestic sewage means untreated san
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4.4.10 Reverse OsmosisReverse osmos
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Figure 4-1Anion Exchange (< 20 mg/L
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Figure 4-3Anion Exchange (20-50 mg/
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Figure 4-9Activated Alumina (pH 7 -
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Figure 4-11Activated Alumina (pH Ad
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Figure 4-13Greensand FiltrationWast
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5.0 POINT-OF-ENTRY/POINT-OF-USE TRE
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chromatographic peaking, which occu
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5.3.1 Case Study 1: Fairbanks, Alas
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Manufacturer and laboratory data su
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Figure 5-2POU Reverse OsmosisO&M Co
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# Installation time - 1 hour unskil
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Figure 5-3POU Activated AluminaTota
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6.0 REFERENCESAmy, G.L. and P. Bran
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Cooperative Research Centres for Wa
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Fuller, C.C., J.A. Davis, G.W. Zell
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Le, X.C., and M. Ma (1998). “Dete
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Scott, K., J. Green, H.D. Do and S.
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Appendix AVery Small Systems Capita
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Table A4 - VSS Document Capital Cos
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Table B1.1 - Base Costs Obtained fr
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Table B11.1 - Base Costs Obtained f
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Table B13.1 - Base Costs Obtained f
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Appendix CW/W Cost Model Capital Co
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Table C2.1 - Base Costs Obtained fr
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Table C10.1 - Base Costs Obtained f
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Page 243 and 244: APPENDIX D: BASIS FOR REVISED ACTIV
Page 245 and 246: Company case study is 18 minutes (2
Page 247 and 248: egressed against their respective v
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Page 251 and 252: were based on $40/sq ft). The proce
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Page 261 and 262: Since the available arsenic capacit
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Page 272 and 273: 2. The estimated cost of the anion
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Technologies and Costs for Removal of Arsenic From Drinking Water

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