Technologies and Costs for Removal of Arsenic From Drinking Water

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Hund, R., E. Lomaquahu, A. Eaton and X.C. Le (1998). “Detection and Preservation of ArsenicSpecies,” AWWA Inorganic Contaminants Workshop, San Antonio, TX, February 23-24,1998.Hydrometrics, Inc. (1997). Summary Report on the Sulfur-Modified Iron (SMI) Process,Hydrometrics, Inc., Helena, Montana.Hydrometrics, Inc. (1998). Second Interim Report on the Sulfur-Modified Iron (SMI) Process forArsenic Removal, Hydrometrics, Inc., Helena, Montana.ICF, Incorporated and ISSI, Incorporated (1998). Evaluation of Full-Scale Treatment Technologiesat Small Drinking Water Systems, Prepared for USEPA Office of Ground Water and DrinkingWater.Indiana-American Water Company, Inc. (1998). Personal communication with Jeff Robinson, Indiana-American Water Company, Inc., Greenwood, Indiana.International Consultants, Inc. (1998). National Level Affordability Criteria Under the 1996Amendments to the Safe Drinking Water Act, Prepared for USEPA Office of Ground Waterand Drinking Water.Ionics, Inc. (1989-90). Comments on the USEPA National Primary and Secondary Drinking WaterRegulations - Proposed Rule, Federal Register Vol. 54, No. 97. Submitted to USEPA, 1989;Addendum to the Comments, 1990.Kempic, J.B. (1994a). “Arsenic Removal Technologies: An Evaluation of Cost and Performance,”Published in: Arsenic: Exposure and Health Effects, Chapman and Hall Publishing Company,pp. 393-405.Kempic, J.B. (1994b). Arsenic: Best Available Technology - Presentation to the Science AdvisoryBoard, USEPA, Drinking Water Standards Division, Office of Ground Water and DrinkingWater, August 1994.Kempic, J.B. (1994c). Arsenic: Regulatory Impact Analysis Decision Tree - Presentation to theScience Advisory Board, USEPA, Drinking Water Standards Division, Office of GroundWater and Drinking Water, August 1994.Kempic, J.B. (1994d). Basis for Revised Anion Exchange Costs, USEPA, Drinking Water StandardsDivision, Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water, December 1994.Kempic, J.B. (2000). “Centrally-Managed POU/POE Option for Compliance with the ArsenicRegulation.” AWWA Inorganic Contaminants Workshop, Albuquerque, NM, February 27-29,2000.Lauf, G.F. (1998). “Arsenic Removal by Oxidation with Potassium Permanganate in a ConventionalIron and Manganese Removal Process,” AWWA Inorganic Contaminants Workshop, SanAntonio, TX, February 23-24, 1998.6-6
Le, X.C., and M. Ma (1998). “Determination of Fg/L Levels of Arsenic Species in Water and HumanUrine,” AWWA Inorganic Contaminants Workshop, San Antonio, TX, February 23-24, 1998.Logsdon, G.S., T.J. Sorg, and J.M. Symons (1974). “Removal of Heavy Metals by ConventionalTreatment,” Proc. 16 th Water Quality Conference - Trace Metals in Water Supplies:Occurrence, Significance, and Control, University Bulletin No. 71, U. of Illinois.Lomaquahu, E.S., and A.H. Smith (1998). “Feasibility of New Epidemiology Studies on ArsenicExposures at Low Levels,” AWWA Inorganic Contaminants Workshop, San Antonio, TX,February 23-24, 1998.Malcolm Pirnie, Inc. (1991). RIA/EIA Assessment, AWWA Government Affairs, Washington D.C.Malcolm Pirnie, Inc. (1992). Arsenic Removal Pilot-Scale Studies, Prepared for USEPA Office ofGround Water and Drinking Water.Malcolm Pirnie, Inc. (1993a). Treatment and Occurrence of Arsenic in Potable Water Supplies,USEPA, September 1993.Malcolm Pirnie, Inc. (1993b). Very Small Systems Best Available Technology Cost Document,USEPA, Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water, Drinking Water Technology Branch.Malcolm Pirnie, Inc. (1994). Baseline Assumptions and Estimated Unit Process Costs for ArsenicRemoval, Technical Memorandum No. I.Malcolm Pirnie, Inc. (1996). Treatment and Residual Costs for Arsenic Removal, AWWA/Universityof Colorado, Technical Memorandum.McMullin, M., R. Berry and E. Winchester (1998). “Low-Cost Direct Filtration for Removal ofArsenic From Groundwater,” AWWA Inorganic Contaminants Workshop, San Antonio, TX,February 23-24, 1998.McNeill, L.S. and M.A. Edwards (1995). “Soluble Arsenic Removal at Water Treatment Plants,” J.AWWA, April 1995, pp. 105-113.McNeill, L.S. and M. Edwards (1996), “Predicting Arsenate Removal in the Presence of MetalOxides,” Proceedings AWWA Annual Conference, Toronto.McNeill, L.S. and M. Edwards (1997a), “Arsenic Removal During Precipitative Softening,” ASCEJournal of Environmental Engineering, 125:5:453.McNeill, L.S. and M. Edwards (1997b). “Predicting Arsenic Removal During Metal HydroxidePrecipitation,” J. AWWA, 89:1:75.McNeill, L.S. and M. Edwards (1998). “Arsenic Removal Via Softening and ConventionalTreatment”, AWWA Inorganic Contaminants Workshop, San Antonio, TX, February 23-24,1998.6-7
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United StatesEnvironmental Protecti
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThis document was pr
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2.5.7 Reverse Osmosis .............
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5.0 POINT-OF-ENTRY/POINT-OF-USE TRE
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LIST OF FIGURES2-1 Pressure Driven
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LIST OF ACRONYMSAAAWWAAWWARFBLSBVC/
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POUpoint-of-useppbparts per billion
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# Alternative treatment processes s
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This page was intentionally left bl
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ends up as ferric hydroxide. In alu
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Optimization Hierarchy for Coagulat
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Substantial arsenic removal has bee
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Vickers et al. (1997) reported that
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was reduced to 0.05 mg/L when the i
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Field StudiesSurveys of lime soften
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Effect of pHpH may have significant
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RegenerationRegeneration of AA beds
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een developed provide important inf
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applicability of IX at a particular
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TABLE 2-1Typical IX Resins for Arse
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solution strength. Arsenic elutes r
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2.4.12 Typical Design ParametersThr
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2.5.2 Important Factors for Membran
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arsenic size distribution to correl
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AWWARF (1998) also performed UF pil
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presumably due to changes in electr
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RO performance is adversely affecte
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TABLE 2-10Arsenic Removal with RO a
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eversal is the decreased potential
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2.6 ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES2.6.1 I
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20 mg As per gram of iron was remov
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The most significant weakness of th
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3.0 TECHNOLOGY COSTS3.1 INTRODUCTIO
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included in the estimates presented
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Table 3-3Water Model Capital Cost B
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3.2.3 Implementing TDP Recommended
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sources. The September 1998 index v
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Amortization, or capital recovery,
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3.3 ADDITIONAL CAPITAL COSTSThe cos
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PilotingThe Technology Design Panel
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The 1993 Technology and Cost Docume
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cause disinfection by-product (DBP)
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Figure 3-1Pre-oxidation - 1.5 mg/L
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3.6 PRECIPITATIVE PROCESSES3.6.1 Co
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enhanced coagulation treatment plan
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Figure 3-4Enhanced Coagulation/Filt
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Small Systems (Less than 1 mgd)The
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Figure 3-6Coagulation Assisted Micr
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3.6.6 Enhanced Lime SofteningEnhanc
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Figure 3-8Enhanced Lime SofteningO&
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3. Empty Bed Contact Time (EBCT) is
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For design flows greater than 1 mgd
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Figure 3-9Activated AluminaCapital
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Figure 3-11Activated Alumina (pH 8
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Figure 3-13Activated Alumina (pH Ad
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3.7.2 Granular Ferric HydroxideGran
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6. The capital costs include a redu
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Figure 3-15Bed Volumes to Arsenic B
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Figure 3-17Anion Exchange (< 20 mg/
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Figure 3-19Anion Exchange (20-50 mg
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quality feed stream and often requi
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Figure 3-20Greensand FiltrationCapi
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3.11 COMPARISON OF COSTSThe April 1
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4.0 RESIDUALS HANDLING AND DISPOSAL
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mechanical dewatering processes. Wh
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Page 139 and 140: 4.3.3 Dewatered Sludge Land Applica
Page 141 and 142: usually determined by the Paint Fil
Page 143 and 144: for arsenic toxicity by a substanti
Page 145 and 146: The solids content of the backwash
Page 147 and 148: carbonate hardness removal produces
Page 149 and 150: Domestic sewage means untreated san
Page 151 and 152: 4.4.10 Reverse OsmosisReverse osmos
Page 153 and 154: Figure 4-1Anion Exchange (< 20 mg/L
Page 155 and 156: Figure 4-3Anion Exchange (20-50 mg/
Page 157 and 158: Figure 4-5Coagulation Assisted Micr
Page 159 and 160: Figure 4-7Coagulation Assisted Micr
Page 161 and 162: Figure 4-9Activated Alumina (pH 7 -
Page 163 and 164: Figure 4-11Activated Alumina (pH Ad
Page 165 and 166: Figure 4-13Greensand FiltrationWast
Page 167 and 168: 5.0 POINT-OF-ENTRY/POINT-OF-USE TRE
Page 169 and 170: chromatographic peaking, which occu
Page 171 and 172: 5.3.1 Case Study 1: Fairbanks, Alas
Page 173 and 174: Manufacturer and laboratory data su
Page 175 and 176: Figure 5-2POU Reverse OsmosisO&M Co
Page 177 and 178: # Installation time - 1 hour unskil
Page 179 and 180: Figure 5-3POU Activated AluminaTota
Page 181 and 182: 6.0 REFERENCESAmy, G.L. and P. Bran
Page 183 and 184: Cooperative Research Centres for Wa
Page 185: Fuller, C.C., J.A. Davis, G.W. Zell
Page 189 and 190: Scott, K., J. Green, H.D. Do and S.
Page 191: Appendix AVery Small Systems Capita
Page 194 and 195: Table A4 - VSS Document Capital Cos
Page 197 and 198: Table B1.1 - Base Costs Obtained fr
Page 207 and 208: Table B11.1 - Base Costs Obtained f
Page 209 and 210: Table B13.1 - Base Costs Obtained f
Page 211: Appendix CW/W Cost Model Capital Co
Page 214 and 215: Table C2.1 - Base Costs Obtained fr
Page 222 and 223: Table C10.1 - Base Costs Obtained f
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Table C24.1 - Base Costs Obtained f
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Table C26.1 - Base Costs Obtained f
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APPENDIX D: BASIS FOR REVISED ACTIV
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Company case study is 18 minutes (2
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egressed against their respective v
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costs for small systems is as follo
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were based on $40/sq ft). The proce
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Basis. Capital cost components incl
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The source water at Plant D has the
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equation y = (2*10 -8 )x 2 + 0.0002
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The maximum run length is 18,500 be
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Since the available arsenic capacit
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If the first column can be operated
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which includes lighting, ventilatio
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disposal costs, if needed, are cove
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Appendix EBasis for Revised Anion E
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2. The estimated cost of the anion
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9. The capital costs have been esti
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Thus, the cost of a road and fence
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length when sulfate is at or below
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the labor rates for both large and
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2. US EPA. Technologies and Costs f
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Technologies and Costs for Removal of Arsenic From Drinking Water

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