Technologies and Costs for Removal of Arsenic From Drinking Water

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Table C22.1 - Base Costs Obtained from the WATERCO$T Model for Rectangular ClarifiersCost ComponentA=240LW=30x8A=600LW=60x10Area (A=ft2) and Length x Width (LW=ftxft)A=1260 A=2240LW=90x14 LW=140x16A=3600LW=200x18A=4800LW=240x20Excavation & Sitework $1,060 $2,000 $3,060 $4,680 $6,670 $8,090 cManufactured Equipment $8,540 $12,080 $24,470 $32,020 $53,110 $63,440 pConcrete $2,970 $5,490 $8,430 $12,820 $18,190 $22,070 pSteel $6,400 $13,110 $19,440 $32,620 $51,250 $69,680 pLabor $6,220 $11,260 $17,320 $26,390 $37,570 $45,300 cPipes and Valves $6,960 $7,400 $9,100 $12,500 $16,100 $21,450 pElectrical $1,510 $1,760 $1,860 $2,020 $2,110 $2,400 pContingencies $5,050 $7,970 $12,550 $18,460 $27,750 $34,860 cTotal $38,710 $61,070 $96,230 $141,510 $212,750 $267,290Table C22.2 - WATERCO$T Model Base Construction Cost Analysis for Rectangular ClarifiersCost ComponentA=240LW=30x8A=600LW=60x10Area (A=ft2) and Length x Width (LW=ftxft)A=1260 A=2240LW=90x14 LW=140x16A=3600LW=200x18A=4800LW=240x20Capital CostCategoryAveragePercentExcavation & Sitework 2.74% 3.27% 3.18% 3.31% 3.14% 3.03% 3.11%Manufactured Equipment 22.06% 19.78% 25.43% 22.63% 24.96% 23.73% 23.10%Concrete 7.67% 8.99% 8.76% 9.06% 8.55% 8.26% 8.55%Steel 16.53% 21.47% 20.20% 23.05% 24.09% 26.07% 21.90%Labor 16.07% 18.44% 18.00% 18.65% 17.66% 16.95% 17.63%Pipes and Valves 17.98% 12.12% 9.46% 8.83% 7.57% 8.02% 10.66%Electrical 3.90% 2.88% 1.93% 1.43% 0.99% 0.90% 2.01%Contingencies 13.05% 13.05% 13.04% 13.05% 13.04% 13.04% 13.04%Total 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%International Consultants, Inc.Contract 68-C6-0039 C-22February 1999W/W Cost Model Capital Cost Breakdown
Table C23.1 - Base Costs Obtained from the WATERCO$T Model for Reverse OsmosisCost ComponentPlant Capacity (mgd)1.0 10 100 200Manufactured Equipment $474,210 $3,458,480 $29,174,260 $56,438,930 pLabor $70,420 $346,850 $2,312,340 $2,837,870 cElectrical $65,740 $486,270 $3,635,690 $6,947,480 pHousing $64,260 $462,650 $2,409,660 $4,176,740 pContingencies $101,190 $713,140 $5,629,790 $10,560,150 cTotal $775,820 $5,467,390 $43,161,740 $80,961,170Table C23.2 - WATERCO$T Model Base Construction Cost Analysis for Reverse OsmosisCapital CostCategoryCost Component1.0Plant Capacity (mgd)Average10 100 200 PercentManufactured Equipment 61.12% 63.26% 67.59% 69.71% 65.42%Labor 9.08% 6.34% 5.36% 3.51% 6.07%Electrical 8.47% 8.89% 8.42% 8.58% 8.59%Housing 8.28% 8.46% 5.58% 5.16% 6.87%Contingencies 13.04% 13.04% 13.04% 13.04% 13.04%Total 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%International Consultants, Inc.Contract 68-C6-0039 C-23February 1999W/W Cost Model Capital Cost Breakdown
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United StatesEnvironmental Protecti
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThis document was pr
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2.5.7 Reverse Osmosis .............
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5.0 POINT-OF-ENTRY/POINT-OF-USE TRE
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LIST OF FIGURES2-1 Pressure Driven
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LIST OF ACRONYMSAAAWWAAWWARFBLSBVC/
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POUpoint-of-useppbparts per billion
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# Alternative treatment processes s
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ends up as ferric hydroxide. In alu
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Optimization Hierarchy for Coagulat
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Substantial arsenic removal has bee
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Vickers et al. (1997) reported that
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was reduced to 0.05 mg/L when the i
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Field StudiesSurveys of lime soften
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Effect of pHpH may have significant
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RegenerationRegeneration of AA beds
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een developed provide important inf
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applicability of IX at a particular
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TABLE 2-1Typical IX Resins for Arse
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solution strength. Arsenic elutes r
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2.4.12 Typical Design ParametersThr
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2.5.2 Important Factors for Membran
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arsenic size distribution to correl
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AWWARF (1998) also performed UF pil
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presumably due to changes in electr
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RO performance is adversely affecte
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TABLE 2-10Arsenic Removal with RO a
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eversal is the decreased potential
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2.6 ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES2.6.1 I
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20 mg As per gram of iron was remov
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The most significant weakness of th
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3.0 TECHNOLOGY COSTS3.1 INTRODUCTIO
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included in the estimates presented
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Table 3-3Water Model Capital Cost B
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3.2.3 Implementing TDP Recommended
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sources. The September 1998 index v
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Amortization, or capital recovery,
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3.3 ADDITIONAL CAPITAL COSTSThe cos
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PilotingThe Technology Design Panel
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The 1993 Technology and Cost Docume
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cause disinfection by-product (DBP)
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Figure 3-1Pre-oxidation - 1.5 mg/L
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3.6 PRECIPITATIVE PROCESSES3.6.1 Co
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enhanced coagulation treatment plan
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Figure 3-4Enhanced Coagulation/Filt
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Small Systems (Less than 1 mgd)The
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Figure 3-6Coagulation Assisted Micr
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3.6.6 Enhanced Lime SofteningEnhanc
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Figure 3-8Enhanced Lime SofteningO&
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3. Empty Bed Contact Time (EBCT) is
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For design flows greater than 1 mgd
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Figure 3-9Activated AluminaCapital
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Figure 3-11Activated Alumina (pH 8
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Figure 3-13Activated Alumina (pH Ad
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3.7.2 Granular Ferric HydroxideGran
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6. The capital costs include a redu
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Figure 3-15Bed Volumes to Arsenic B
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Figure 3-17Anion Exchange (< 20 mg/
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Figure 3-19Anion Exchange (20-50 mg
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quality feed stream and often requi
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Figure 3-20Greensand FiltrationCapi
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3.11 COMPARISON OF COSTSThe April 1
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4.0 RESIDUALS HANDLING AND DISPOSAL
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mechanical dewatering processes. Wh
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Storage lagoons are best suited for
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the current Industrial Pretreatment
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4.3.3 Dewatered Sludge Land Applica
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usually determined by the Paint Fil
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for arsenic toxicity by a substanti
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The solids content of the backwash
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carbonate hardness removal produces
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Domestic sewage means untreated san
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4.4.10 Reverse OsmosisReverse osmos
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Figure 4-1Anion Exchange (< 20 mg/L
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Figure 4-3Anion Exchange (20-50 mg/
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Figure 4-9Activated Alumina (pH 7 -
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Figure 4-11Activated Alumina (pH Ad
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Figure 4-13Greensand FiltrationWast
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5.0 POINT-OF-ENTRY/POINT-OF-USE TRE
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chromatographic peaking, which occu
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5.3.1 Case Study 1: Fairbanks, Alas
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Manufacturer and laboratory data su
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Figure 5-2POU Reverse OsmosisO&M Co
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# Installation time - 1 hour unskil
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Figure 5-3POU Activated AluminaTota
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6.0 REFERENCESAmy, G.L. and P. Bran
Page 183 and 184: Cooperative Research Centres for Wa
Page 185 and 186: Fuller, C.C., J.A. Davis, G.W. Zell
Page 187 and 188: Le, X.C., and M. Ma (1998). “Dete
Page 189 and 190: Scott, K., J. Green, H.D. Do and S.
Page 191: Appendix AVery Small Systems Capita
Page 194 and 195: Table A4 - VSS Document Capital Cos
Page 197 and 198: Table B1.1 - Base Costs Obtained fr
Page 207 and 208: Table B11.1 - Base Costs Obtained f
Page 209 and 210: Table B13.1 - Base Costs Obtained f
Page 211: Appendix CW/W Cost Model Capital Co
Page 214 and 215: Table C2.1 - Base Costs Obtained fr
Page 222 and 223: Table C10.1 - Base Costs Obtained f
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Page 243 and 244: APPENDIX D: BASIS FOR REVISED ACTIV
Page 245 and 246: Company case study is 18 minutes (2
Page 247 and 248: egressed against their respective v
Page 249 and 250: costs for small systems is as follo
Page 251 and 252: were based on $40/sq ft). The proce
Page 253 and 254: Basis. Capital cost components incl
Page 255 and 256: The source water at Plant D has the
Page 257 and 258: equation y = (2*10 -8 )x 2 + 0.0002
Page 259 and 260: The maximum run length is 18,500 be
Page 261 and 262: Since the available arsenic capacit
Page 263 and 264: If the first column can be operated
Page 265 and 266: which includes lighting, ventilatio
Page 267 and 268: disposal costs, if needed, are cove
Page 269: Appendix EBasis for Revised Anion E
Page 272 and 273: 2. The estimated cost of the anion
Page 274 and 275: 9. The capital costs have been esti
Page 276 and 277: Thus, the cost of a road and fence
Page 278 and 279: length when sulfate is at or below
Page 280 and 281: the labor rates for both large and
Page 282 and 283: 2. US EPA. Technologies and Costs f
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Technologies and Costs for Removal of Arsenic From Drinking Water

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