Technologies and Costs for Removal of Arsenic From Drinking Water

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All three models rely on flows to calculate capital and operation and maintenance (O&M)costs. In addition, the Water and W/W Cost models require several user-specified variables togenerate direct capital cost. These additional user inputs include design factors, cost indices (Table3-7), and other various unit costs (Tables 3-8 and 3-9). Some processes (e.g., activated alumina andion exchange) have slightly different ranges due to discrepancies between the models.Activated alumina costs are not based on these models because they assume regeneration ofthe media and parallel operation of columns. Activated alumina costs in this document assume noregeneration (disposable media) and series operation of columns. Anion exchange costs are also notbased on the Water or W/W models because the models are for nitrate removal with very high sulfaterather than arsenic removal in the sulfate ranges under consideration. The text summarizes theapproach used for activated alumina and anion exchange costs. A more detailed description can befound in the Appendices.3.2.2 Technology Design Panel RecommendationsSince the 1986 Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) reauthorization, EPA has relied mainly onthe three cost models to estimate compliance costs for drinking water regulations. Following thereauthorization of the SDWA in 1996, EPA critically evaluated its tools for estimating the costs andbenefits of drinking water regulations. As part of this evaluation, EPA solicited technical input fromnational drinking water experts at the Denver Technology Workshop (which was sponsored by EPAand held November 6 and 7, 1997) to improve the quality of its compliance cost estimating processfor various drinking water treatment technologies. The Technology Design Panel (TDP) formed at theworkshop for this purpose recommended several modifications to existing cost models to improve theaccuracy of EPA’s compliance cost estimates. The TDP developed guidelines for estimating capitalcosts using the three cost models. The guidelines are discussed in greater detail in Guide forImplementing Phase I Water Treatment Upgrade (EPA, 1998a).Total capital costs consist of three elements: process, construction, and engineering costs.Process costs include manufactured equipment, concrete, steel, electrical and instrumentation, andpipes and valves. Construction costs include sitework and excavation, subsurface considerations,standby power, contingencies, and interest during construction. Engineering costs include generalcontractor overhead and profit, engineering fees, and legal, fiscal, and administrative fees. Housingcosts are specifically excluded from each of these cost category designations. Housing costs are3-2
included in the estimates presented in this chapter, but are added to the total capital cost afterapplication of the TDP cost approach.To incorporate the TDP recommendations, the cost models are used to estimate total capitalcosts, and then steps are taken to adjust these costs. The TDP recommended that total capital costestimates be based solely on process costs; therefore, in the first step, the process-related componentsof the models’ estimated costs are generated using the capital cost breakdowns presented inAppendices A through C. In the second step, construction and engineering costs are then estimatedusing the factors in Table 3-1 to arrive at total capital costs that reflect the TDP recommendations.Table 3-1TDP Capital Cost FactorsSystem SizeProcess CostFactor(Percent ofTotal)Construction CostFactor(Percent of Total)Engineering CostFactor(Percent of Total)Total CostFactor 1(Percent of Total)Very Small 1.00 (40%) 1.00 (40%) 0.50 (20%) 2.50 (100%)Small 1.00 (40%) 1.00 (40%) 0.50 (20%) 2.50 (100%)Large 1.00 (30%) 1.33 (40%) 1.00 (30%) 3.33 (100%)1 - This factor can be multiplied by the process cost to obtain the total capital cost excluding housing. Housing costs are added to the total cost.Table 3-2 presents a sample capital cost breakdown for the VSS model for membraneequations. Capital cost breakdowns for all technologies costed using the VSS model are presentedin Appendix A.The Water and W/W Cost assumptions for capital cost components vary by design and averageflow. The reports Estimation of Small System Water Treatment Costs (Culp/Wesner/ Culp, 1984)and Estimating Treatment Costs, Volume 2: Cost Curves Applicable to 1 to 200 mgd TreatmentPlants (Culp/Wesner/Culp, 1979) were used to develop capital cost breakdown summaries for theWater and W/W Cost models, respectively. These documents present the design assumptions usedin developing the cost models, as well as associated costs. The percent of total cost for eachcomponent cost was calculated for each design condition. These percentages were averaged to arriveat a universal capital cost breakdown which could be applied for developing the capital costs. Tables3-3 through 3-6 demonstrate the methodology described here.3-3
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United StatesEnvironmental Protecti
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThis document was pr
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2.5.7 Reverse Osmosis .............
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5.0 POINT-OF-ENTRY/POINT-OF-USE TRE
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LIST OF FIGURES2-1 Pressure Driven
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LIST OF ACRONYMSAAAWWAAWWARFBLSBVC/
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POUpoint-of-useppbparts per billion
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# Alternative treatment processes s
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Page 23 and 24: ends up as ferric hydroxide. In alu
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Page 27 and 28: Substantial arsenic removal has bee
Page 29 and 30: Vickers et al. (1997) reported that
Page 31 and 32: was reduced to 0.05 mg/L when the i
Page 33 and 34: Field StudiesSurveys of lime soften
Page 35 and 36: Effect of pHpH may have significant
Page 37 and 38: RegenerationRegeneration of AA beds
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Page 41 and 42: applicability of IX at a particular
Page 43 and 44: TABLE 2-1Typical IX Resins for Arse
Page 45 and 46: solution strength. Arsenic elutes r
Page 47 and 48: 2.4.12 Typical Design ParametersThr
Page 49 and 50: 2.5.2 Important Factors for Membran
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Page 59 and 60: TABLE 2-10Arsenic Removal with RO a
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Page 63 and 64: 2.6 ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES2.6.1 I
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Page 73 and 74: Table 3-3Water Model Capital Cost B
Page 75 and 76: 3.2.3 Implementing TDP Recommended
Page 77 and 78: sources. The September 1998 index v
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Page 81 and 82: 3.3 ADDITIONAL CAPITAL COSTSThe cos
Page 83 and 84: PilotingThe Technology Design Panel
Page 85 and 86: The 1993 Technology and Cost Docume
Page 87 and 88: cause disinfection by-product (DBP)
Page 89 and 90: Figure 3-1Pre-oxidation - 1.5 mg/L
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Page 93 and 94: enhanced coagulation treatment plan
Page 95 and 96: Figure 3-4Enhanced Coagulation/Filt
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Page 99 and 100: Figure 3-6Coagulation Assisted Micr
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Page 103 and 104: Figure 3-8Enhanced Lime SofteningO&
Page 105 and 106: 3. Empty Bed Contact Time (EBCT) is
Page 107 and 108: For design flows greater than 1 mgd
Page 109 and 110: Figure 3-9Activated AluminaCapital
Page 111 and 112: Figure 3-11Activated Alumina (pH 8
Page 113 and 114: Figure 3-13Activated Alumina (pH Ad
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Page 119 and 120: Figure 3-15Bed Volumes to Arsenic B
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Figure 3-17Anion Exchange (< 20 mg/
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Figure 3-19Anion Exchange (20-50 mg
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quality feed stream and often requi
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Figure 3-20Greensand FiltrationCapi
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3.11 COMPARISON OF COSTSThe April 1
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4.0 RESIDUALS HANDLING AND DISPOSAL
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mechanical dewatering processes. Wh
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Storage lagoons are best suited for
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the current Industrial Pretreatment
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4.3.3 Dewatered Sludge Land Applica
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usually determined by the Paint Fil
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for arsenic toxicity by a substanti
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The solids content of the backwash
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carbonate hardness removal produces
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Domestic sewage means untreated san
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4.4.10 Reverse OsmosisReverse osmos
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Figure 4-1Anion Exchange (< 20 mg/L
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Figure 4-3Anion Exchange (20-50 mg/
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Figure 4-5Coagulation Assisted Micr
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Figure 4-7Coagulation Assisted Micr
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Figure 4-9Activated Alumina (pH 7 -
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Figure 4-11Activated Alumina (pH Ad
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Figure 4-13Greensand FiltrationWast
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5.0 POINT-OF-ENTRY/POINT-OF-USE TRE
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chromatographic peaking, which occu
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5.3.1 Case Study 1: Fairbanks, Alas
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Manufacturer and laboratory data su
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Figure 5-2POU Reverse OsmosisO&M Co
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# Installation time - 1 hour unskil
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Figure 5-3POU Activated AluminaTota
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6.0 REFERENCESAmy, G.L. and P. Bran
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Cooperative Research Centres for Wa
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Fuller, C.C., J.A. Davis, G.W. Zell
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Le, X.C., and M. Ma (1998). “Dete
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Scott, K., J. Green, H.D. Do and S.
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Appendix AVery Small Systems Capita
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Table A4 - VSS Document Capital Cos
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Table B1.1 - Base Costs Obtained fr
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Table B11.1 - Base Costs Obtained f
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Table B13.1 - Base Costs Obtained f
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Appendix CW/W Cost Model Capital Co
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Table C2.1 - Base Costs Obtained fr
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Table C10.1 - Base Costs Obtained f
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APPENDIX D: BASIS FOR REVISED ACTIV
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Company case study is 18 minutes (2
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egressed against their respective v
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costs for small systems is as follo
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were based on $40/sq ft). The proce
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Basis. Capital cost components incl
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The source water at Plant D has the
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equation y = (2*10 -8 )x 2 + 0.0002
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The maximum run length is 18,500 be
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Since the available arsenic capacit
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If the first column can be operated
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which includes lighting, ventilatio
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disposal costs, if needed, are cove
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Appendix EBasis for Revised Anion E
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2. The estimated cost of the anion
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9. The capital costs have been esti
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Thus, the cost of a road and fence
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length when sulfate is at or below
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the labor rates for both large and
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2. US EPA. Technologies and Costs f
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Technologies and Costs for Removal of Arsenic From Drinking Water

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