Technologies and Costs for Removal of Arsenic From Drinking Water

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Table B2.1 - Base Costs Obtained from the Water Model for Anion ExchangeCost ComponentResin Volume (ft3)Capital Cost4 17 54 188 280 520 CategoryExcavation & Sitework $2,100 $2,100 $4,400 $4,400 $4,400 $5,300 cManufactured Equipment $3,100 $8,600 $23,100 $64,100 $96,800 $164,800 pConcrete $300 $400 $5,500 $5,800 $6,000 $8,400 pSteel $0 $0 $7,800 $7,800 $7,800 $10,900 pLabor $400 $1,100 $12,100 $12,800 $12,900 $17,200 cPipes and Valves $800 $800 $1,000 $2,600 $2,600 $3,100 pElectrical $3,100 $3,100 $3,100 $3,100 $3,100 $3,100 pHousing $5,600 $9,600 $11,100 $16,600 $19,200 $25,000 pSubtotal $15,400 $25,700 $68,100 $117,200 $152,800 $237,800Contingencies $2,300 $3,900 $10,200 $17,600 $22,900 $35,700 cTotal $17,700 $29,600 $78,300 $134,800 $175,700 $273,500Table B2.2 - Water Model Base Construction Cost Analysis for Anion ExchangeCost Component4 17Resin Volume (ft3)Average54 188 280 520 PercentExcavation & Sitework 11.86% 7.09% 5.62% 3.26% 2.50% 1.94% 5.38%Manufactured Equipment 17.51% 29.05% 29.50% 47.55% 55.09% 60.26% 39.83%Concrete 1.69% 1.35% 7.02% 4.30% 3.41% 3.07% 3.48%Steel 0.00% 0.00% 9.96% 5.79% 4.44% 3.99% 4.03%Labor 2.26% 3.72% 15.45% 9.50% 7.34% 6.29% 7.43%Pipes and Valves 4.52% 2.70% 1.28% 1.93% 1.48% 1.13% 2.17%Electrical 17.51% 10.47% 3.96% 2.30% 1.76% 1.13% 6.19%Housing 31.64% 32.43% 14.18% 12.31% 10.93% 9.14% 18.44%Contingencies 12.99% 13.18% 13.03% 13.06% 13.03% 13.05% 13.06%Total 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%International Consultants, Inc.Contract 68-C6-0039 B-2February 1999Water Model Capital Cost Breakdown
Table B3.1 - Base Costs Obtained from the Water Model for Basic Chemical FeedCost ComponentMaximum Feed Rate (lb/day)Capital Cost0.1-10 25 50 100 250 500 1000 CategoryDissolving Tank $290 $430 $640 $910 $1,830 $2,200 $4,400 pMixer $180 $200 $200 $240 $410 $620 $620 pMetering Pump $430 $700 $750 $1,230 $1,600 $1,670 $1,820 pPipes and Valves $180 $180 $220 $220 $280 $280 $420 pLabor $180 $180 $240 $260 $300 $330 $400 cElectrical $80 $100 $150 $200 $250 $300 $400 pSubtotal $1,340 $1,790 $2,200 $3,060 $4,670 $5,400 $8,060Contingencies $200 $270 $330 $460 $700 $810 $1,210 cTotal $1,540 $2,060 $2,530 $3,520 $5,370 $6,210 $9,270Table B3.2 - Water Model Base Construction Cost Analysis for Basic Chemical FeedCost Component0.1-10 25 50Maximum Feed Rate (lb/day)Average100 250 500 1000 PercentDissolving Tank 18.83% 20.87% 25.30% 25.85% 34.08% 35.43% 47.46% 29.69%Mixer 11.69% 9.71% 7.91% 6.82% 7.64% 9.98% 6.69% 8.63%Metering Pump 27.92% 33.98% 29.64% 34.94% 29.80% 26.89% 19.63% 28.97%Pipes and Valves 11.69% 8.74% 8.70% 6.25% 5.21% 4.51% 4.53% 7.09%Labor 11.69% 8.74% 9.49% 7.39% 5.59% 5.31% 4.31% 7.50%Electrical 5.19% 4.85% 5.93% 5.68% 4.66% 4.83% 4.31% 5.07%Contingencies 12.99% 13.11% 13.04% 13.07% 13.04% 13.04% 13.05% 13.05%Total 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%International Consultants, Inc.Contract 68-C6-0039 B-3February 1999Water Model Capital Cost Breakdown
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United StatesEnvironmental Protecti
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThis document was pr
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2.5.7 Reverse Osmosis .............
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5.0 POINT-OF-ENTRY/POINT-OF-USE TRE
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LIST OF FIGURES2-1 Pressure Driven
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LIST OF ACRONYMSAAAWWAAWWARFBLSBVC/
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POUpoint-of-useppbparts per billion
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# Alternative treatment processes s
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ends up as ferric hydroxide. In alu
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Optimization Hierarchy for Coagulat
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Substantial arsenic removal has bee
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Vickers et al. (1997) reported that
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was reduced to 0.05 mg/L when the i
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Field StudiesSurveys of lime soften
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Effect of pHpH may have significant
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RegenerationRegeneration of AA beds
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een developed provide important inf
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applicability of IX at a particular
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TABLE 2-1Typical IX Resins for Arse
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solution strength. Arsenic elutes r
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2.4.12 Typical Design ParametersThr
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2.5.2 Important Factors for Membran
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arsenic size distribution to correl
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AWWARF (1998) also performed UF pil
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presumably due to changes in electr
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RO performance is adversely affecte
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TABLE 2-10Arsenic Removal with RO a
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eversal is the decreased potential
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2.6 ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES2.6.1 I
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20 mg As per gram of iron was remov
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The most significant weakness of th
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3.0 TECHNOLOGY COSTS3.1 INTRODUCTIO
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included in the estimates presented
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Table 3-3Water Model Capital Cost B
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3.2.3 Implementing TDP Recommended
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sources. The September 1998 index v
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Amortization, or capital recovery,
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3.3 ADDITIONAL CAPITAL COSTSThe cos
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PilotingThe Technology Design Panel
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The 1993 Technology and Cost Docume
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cause disinfection by-product (DBP)
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Figure 3-1Pre-oxidation - 1.5 mg/L
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3.6 PRECIPITATIVE PROCESSES3.6.1 Co
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enhanced coagulation treatment plan
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Figure 3-4Enhanced Coagulation/Filt
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Small Systems (Less than 1 mgd)The
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Figure 3-6Coagulation Assisted Micr
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3.6.6 Enhanced Lime SofteningEnhanc
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Figure 3-8Enhanced Lime SofteningO&
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3. Empty Bed Contact Time (EBCT) is
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For design flows greater than 1 mgd
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Figure 3-9Activated AluminaCapital
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Figure 3-11Activated Alumina (pH 8
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Figure 3-13Activated Alumina (pH Ad
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3.7.2 Granular Ferric HydroxideGran
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6. The capital costs include a redu
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Figure 3-15Bed Volumes to Arsenic B
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Figure 3-17Anion Exchange (< 20 mg/
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Figure 3-19Anion Exchange (20-50 mg
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quality feed stream and often requi
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Figure 3-20Greensand FiltrationCapi
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3.11 COMPARISON OF COSTSThe April 1
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4.0 RESIDUALS HANDLING AND DISPOSAL
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mechanical dewatering processes. Wh
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Storage lagoons are best suited for
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the current Industrial Pretreatment
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4.3.3 Dewatered Sludge Land Applica
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usually determined by the Paint Fil
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for arsenic toxicity by a substanti
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The solids content of the backwash
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Page 149 and 150: Domestic sewage means untreated san
Page 151 and 152: 4.4.10 Reverse OsmosisReverse osmos
Page 153 and 154: Figure 4-1Anion Exchange (< 20 mg/L
Page 155 and 156: Figure 4-3Anion Exchange (20-50 mg/
Page 157 and 158: Figure 4-5Coagulation Assisted Micr
Page 159 and 160: Figure 4-7Coagulation Assisted Micr
Page 161 and 162: Figure 4-9Activated Alumina (pH 7 -
Page 163 and 164: Figure 4-11Activated Alumina (pH Ad
Page 165 and 166: Figure 4-13Greensand FiltrationWast
Page 167 and 168: 5.0 POINT-OF-ENTRY/POINT-OF-USE TRE
Page 169 and 170: chromatographic peaking, which occu
Page 171 and 172: 5.3.1 Case Study 1: Fairbanks, Alas
Page 173 and 174: Manufacturer and laboratory data su
Page 175 and 176: Figure 5-2POU Reverse OsmosisO&M Co
Page 177 and 178: # Installation time - 1 hour unskil
Page 179 and 180: Figure 5-3POU Activated AluminaTota
Page 181 and 182: 6.0 REFERENCESAmy, G.L. and P. Bran
Page 183 and 184: Cooperative Research Centres for Wa
Page 185 and 186: Fuller, C.C., J.A. Davis, G.W. Zell
Page 187 and 188: Le, X.C., and M. Ma (1998). “Dete
Page 189 and 190: Scott, K., J. Green, H.D. Do and S.
Page 191: Appendix AVery Small Systems Capita
Page 194 and 195: Table A4 - VSS Document Capital Cos
Page 197: Table B1.1 - Base Costs Obtained fr
Page 201 and 202: Table B5.1 - Base Costs Obtained fr
Page 207 and 208: Table B11.1 - Base Costs Obtained f
Page 209 and 210: Table B13.1 - Base Costs Obtained f
Page 211: Appendix CW/W Cost Model Capital Co
Page 214 and 215: Table C2.1 - Base Costs Obtained fr
Page 222 and 223: Table C10.1 - Base Costs Obtained f
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Page 243 and 244: APPENDIX D: BASIS FOR REVISED ACTIV
Page 245 and 246: Company case study is 18 minutes (2
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costs for small systems is as follo
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were based on $40/sq ft). The proce
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Basis. Capital cost components incl
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The source water at Plant D has the
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equation y = (2*10 -8 )x 2 + 0.0002
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The maximum run length is 18,500 be
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Since the available arsenic capacit
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If the first column can be operated
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which includes lighting, ventilatio
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disposal costs, if needed, are cove
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Appendix EBasis for Revised Anion E
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2. The estimated cost of the anion
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9. The capital costs have been esti
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Thus, the cost of a road and fence
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length when sulfate is at or below
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the labor rates for both large and
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2. US EPA. Technologies and Costs f
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Technologies and Costs for Removal of Arsenic From Drinking Water

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