Technologies and Costs for Removal of Arsenic From Drinking Water

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Table C2.1 - Base Costs Obtained from the WATERCO$T Model for Ammonia Feed SystemsCost ComponentFeed Capacity (lb/day)250 500 1,000 2,500 5,000Manufactured Equipment $13,260 $19,520 $30,450 $38,830 $59,200 pLabor $3,990 $5,680 $9,250 $10,620 $13,870 cPipes and Valves $2,390 $3,520 $5,500 $7,000 $10,670 pElectrical $3,250 $3,770 $6,180 $8,480 $10,990 pHousing $4,500 $4,500 $4,500 $4,500 $6,430 pContingencies $4,110 $5,550 $8,380 $10,410 $15,170 cTotal $31,500 $42,540 $64,260 $79,840 $116,330Table C2.2 - WATERCO$T Model Base Construction Cost Analysis for Ammonia Feed SystemsCapital CostCategoryCost Component250 500Feed Capacity (lb/day)Average1,000 2,500 5,000 PercentManufactured Equipment 42.10% 45.89% 47.39% 48.63% 50.89% 46.98%Labor 12.67% 13.35% 14.39% 13.30% 11.92% 13.13%Pipes and Valves 7.59% 8.27% 8.56% 8.77% 9.17% 8.47%Electrical 10.32% 8.86% 9.62% 10.62% 9.45% 9.77%Housing 14.29% 10.58% 7.00% 5.64% 5.53% 8.61%Contingencies 13.05% 13.05% 13.04% 13.04% 13.04% 13.04%Total 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%International Consultants, Inc.Contract 68-C6-0039 C-2February 1999W/W Cost Model Capital Cost Breakdown
Table C3.1 - Base Costs Obtained from the WATERCO$T Model for Backwash Water PumpingCost Component1,260(1.8)3,150(4.5)Pumping Capacity (mgd(gpm))6,300(9.1)18,000(25.9)22,950(33)Manufactured Equipment $11,400 $14,600 $38,380 $76,780 $95,970 pLabor $3,050 $4,410 $4,880 $9,290 $12,440 cPipes and Valves $9,780 $17,690 $17,690 $33,390 $44,780 pElectrical $13,350 $16,040 $16,740 $28,070 $33,250 pContingencies $5,640 $7,910 $11,650 $22,130 $27,970 cTotal $43,220 $60,650 $89,340 $169,660 $214,410Table C3.2 - WATERCO$T Model Base Construction Cost Analysis for Backwash Water PumpingCost Component1,260(1.8)3,150(4.5)Pumping Capacity (mgd(gpm))6,300(9.1)Manufactured Equipment 26.38% 24.07% 42.96% 45.26% 44.76% 36.68%Labor 7.06% 7.27% 5.46% 5.48% 5.80% 6.21%Pipes and Valves 22.63% 29.17% 19.80% 19.68% 20.89% 22.43%Electrical 30.89% 26.45% 18.74% 16.54% 15.51% 21.63%Contingencies 13.05% 13.04% 13.04% 13.04% 13.05% 13.04%Total 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%18,000(25.9)22,950(33)Capital CostCategoryAveragePercentInternational Consultants, Inc.Contract 68-C6-0039 C-3February 1999W/W Cost Model Capital Cost Breakdown
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United StatesEnvironmental Protecti
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThis document was pr
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2.5.7 Reverse Osmosis .............
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5.0 POINT-OF-ENTRY/POINT-OF-USE TRE
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LIST OF FIGURES2-1 Pressure Driven
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LIST OF ACRONYMSAAAWWAAWWARFBLSBVC/
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POUpoint-of-useppbparts per billion
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# Alternative treatment processes s
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ends up as ferric hydroxide. In alu
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Optimization Hierarchy for Coagulat
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Substantial arsenic removal has bee
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Vickers et al. (1997) reported that
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was reduced to 0.05 mg/L when the i
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Field StudiesSurveys of lime soften
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Effect of pHpH may have significant
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RegenerationRegeneration of AA beds
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een developed provide important inf
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applicability of IX at a particular
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TABLE 2-1Typical IX Resins for Arse
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solution strength. Arsenic elutes r
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2.4.12 Typical Design ParametersThr
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2.5.2 Important Factors for Membran
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arsenic size distribution to correl
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AWWARF (1998) also performed UF pil
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presumably due to changes in electr
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RO performance is adversely affecte
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TABLE 2-10Arsenic Removal with RO a
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eversal is the decreased potential
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2.6 ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES2.6.1 I
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20 mg As per gram of iron was remov
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The most significant weakness of th
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3.0 TECHNOLOGY COSTS3.1 INTRODUCTIO
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included in the estimates presented
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Table 3-3Water Model Capital Cost B
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3.2.3 Implementing TDP Recommended
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sources. The September 1998 index v
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Amortization, or capital recovery,
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3.3 ADDITIONAL CAPITAL COSTSThe cos
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PilotingThe Technology Design Panel
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The 1993 Technology and Cost Docume
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cause disinfection by-product (DBP)
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Figure 3-1Pre-oxidation - 1.5 mg/L
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3.6 PRECIPITATIVE PROCESSES3.6.1 Co
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enhanced coagulation treatment plan
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Figure 3-4Enhanced Coagulation/Filt
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Small Systems (Less than 1 mgd)The
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Figure 3-6Coagulation Assisted Micr
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3.6.6 Enhanced Lime SofteningEnhanc
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Figure 3-8Enhanced Lime SofteningO&
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3. Empty Bed Contact Time (EBCT) is
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For design flows greater than 1 mgd
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Figure 3-9Activated AluminaCapital
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Figure 3-11Activated Alumina (pH 8
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Figure 3-13Activated Alumina (pH Ad
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3.7.2 Granular Ferric HydroxideGran
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6. The capital costs include a redu
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Figure 3-15Bed Volumes to Arsenic B
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Figure 3-17Anion Exchange (< 20 mg/
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Figure 3-19Anion Exchange (20-50 mg
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quality feed stream and often requi
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Figure 3-20Greensand FiltrationCapi
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3.11 COMPARISON OF COSTSThe April 1
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4.0 RESIDUALS HANDLING AND DISPOSAL
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mechanical dewatering processes. Wh
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Storage lagoons are best suited for
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the current Industrial Pretreatment
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4.3.3 Dewatered Sludge Land Applica
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usually determined by the Paint Fil
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for arsenic toxicity by a substanti
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The solids content of the backwash
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carbonate hardness removal produces
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Domestic sewage means untreated san
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4.4.10 Reverse OsmosisReverse osmos
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Figure 4-1Anion Exchange (< 20 mg/L
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Figure 4-3Anion Exchange (20-50 mg/
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Figure 4-9Activated Alumina (pH 7 -
Page 163 and 164: Figure 4-11Activated Alumina (pH Ad
Page 165 and 166: Figure 4-13Greensand FiltrationWast
Page 167 and 168: 5.0 POINT-OF-ENTRY/POINT-OF-USE TRE
Page 169 and 170: chromatographic peaking, which occu
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Page 173 and 174: Manufacturer and laboratory data su
Page 175 and 176: Figure 5-2POU Reverse OsmosisO&M Co
Page 177 and 178: # Installation time - 1 hour unskil
Page 179 and 180: Figure 5-3POU Activated AluminaTota
Page 181 and 182: 6.0 REFERENCESAmy, G.L. and P. Bran
Page 183 and 184: Cooperative Research Centres for Wa
Page 185 and 186: Fuller, C.C., J.A. Davis, G.W. Zell
Page 187 and 188: Le, X.C., and M. Ma (1998). “Dete
Page 189 and 190: Scott, K., J. Green, H.D. Do and S.
Page 191: Appendix AVery Small Systems Capita
Page 194 and 195: Table A4 - VSS Document Capital Cos
Page 197 and 198: Table B1.1 - Base Costs Obtained fr
Page 207 and 208: Table B11.1 - Base Costs Obtained f
Page 209 and 210: Table B13.1 - Base Costs Obtained f
Page 211: Appendix CW/W Cost Model Capital Co
Page 216 and 217: Table C4.1 - Base Costs Obtained fr
Page 222 and 223: Table C10.1 - Base Costs Obtained f
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Page 243 and 244: APPENDIX D: BASIS FOR REVISED ACTIV
Page 245 and 246: Company case study is 18 minutes (2
Page 247 and 248: egressed against their respective v
Page 249 and 250: costs for small systems is as follo
Page 251 and 252: were based on $40/sq ft). The proce
Page 253 and 254: Basis. Capital cost components incl
Page 255 and 256: The source water at Plant D has the
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Page 259 and 260: The maximum run length is 18,500 be
Page 261 and 262: Since the available arsenic capacit
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which includes lighting, ventilatio
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disposal costs, if needed, are cove
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Appendix EBasis for Revised Anion E
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2. The estimated cost of the anion
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9. The capital costs have been esti
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Thus, the cost of a road and fence
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length when sulfate is at or below
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the labor rates for both large and
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2. US EPA. Technologies and Costs f
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Technologies and Costs for Removal of Arsenic From Drinking Water

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