Technologies and Costs for Removal of Arsenic From Drinking Water

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThis document was prepared by the United States Environmental Protection Agency, Officeof Ground Water and Drinking Water under the guidance of the Standards and Risk ManagementDivision, Targeting and Analysis Branch. The Task Order Project Officer was Mr. Amit Kapadia.Technical consultants played a significant role in the preparation of this document. Theprimary technical consultant was International Consultants, Inc. with significant subcontract assistanceprovided by Malcolm Pirnie, Inc. The Cadmus Group, Inc. provided assistance in updating thedocument to reflect the final rule. The Project Manager was Ron Braun of International Consultants.The International Consultants technical support team was led by Chris Hill, Technical Project Leader,and included Helen Owens, Dr. Dave Jorgenson, Roger Azar and Paul Harvey. The Malcolm Pirnietechnical support team was led by Zaid Chowdhury with project support from Anne Jack, AmparoFlores and Spyros Papadimas. Ian Kline led the Cadmus Group team. Additional technical assistanceand consultation were provided by: Gary Amy, University of Colorado - Boulder; Joe Chwirka,CH2MHill - Albuquerque; Dennis Clifford, University of Houston; Marc Edwards, VirginiaPolytechnic Institute; Janet Hering, California Institute of Technology; Jeff Robinson, Indiana-American Water Company; and Mark Weisner, Rice University.
Page 1: United StatesEnvironmental Protecti
Page 7 and 8: TABLE OF CONTENTS1.0 INTRODUCTION .
Page 9 and 10: 3.9 Separation Processes ..........
Page 11 and 12: LIST OF TABLES2-1 Typical IX Resins
Page 13 and 14: 4-9 Non-hazardous Landfill, Activat
Page 15 and 16: HDPEIDIOCSIXkgalkgpdkWhLAlb/acreLSM
Page 17 and 18: 1.0 INTRODUCTION1.1 OVERVIEWArsenic
Page 19 and 20: 1.3 DOCUMENT ORGANIZATIONThis docum
Page 21: 2.0 ARSENIC REMOVAL TECHNOLOGIES2.1
Page 24 and 25: Hering et al. (1996) observed the o
Page 26 and 27: to reduce arsenic levels below 5 Fg
Page 28 and 29: This analysis suggests that sulfate
Page 30 and 31: Note that post-treatment pH adjustm
Page 32 and 33: A survey of full-scale plants by Mc
Page 34 and 35: Arsenic in the pentavalent arsenate
Page 36 and 37: Effect of Competing IonsLike ion ex
Page 38 and 39: treated flow of 13,730 gpd. In fact
Page 40 and 41: 2.4 ION EXCHANGE2.4.1 IntroductionI
Page 42 and 43: 2.4.4 Resin TypeAs stated earlier,
Page 44 and 45: “counter-current flow” method a
Page 46 and 47: 2.4.10 EBCTA few studies have been
Page 48 and 49: oader range of constituents than lo
Page 50 and 51: TABLE 2-4Typical Recovery for Membr
Page 52 and 53: TABLE 2-5As(V) and As(III) Removal
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surface water treatment is typicall
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the remainder of the 80-day period.
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TABLE 2-9Summary of Arsenic Removal
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TABLE 2-11Arsenic Removal with RO a
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communities (New Mexico State Unive
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appear to present some competition
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Table 2-14Adsorption Tests on GFHUn
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2.6.5 Photo-OxidationResearchers at
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All three models rely on flows to c
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Table 3-2VSS Capital Cost Breakdown
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Table 3-5W/W Cost Model Capital Cos
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3.2.3.2 Water Model1. The Water mod
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TABLE 3-9Chemical CostsChemical Cos
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3.2.6 Flows Used in the Development
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of California Water Agencies indica
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two technologies. Redundancy for th
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3.4.2 Use of Blending in Cost Estim
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3.5.2 ChlorinationAs previously sta
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Figure 3-2Pre-oxidation - 1.5 mg/L
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Small Systems (Less than 1 mgd)The
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Figure 3-3Enhanced Coagulation/Filt
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3.6.3 Direct FiltrationDirect filtr
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Figure 3-5Coagulation Assisted Micr
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3.6.5 Lime SofteningLime softening
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Figure 3-7Enhanced Lime SofteningCa
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3.7 ADSORPTION PROCESSES3.7.1 Activ
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11. The capital costs estimated in
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Adjustment in staffing or shifting
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Figure 3-10Activated Alumina (pH 7
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Figure 3-12Activated Alumina (pH Ad
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The costs in both the April 1999 Te
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For design flows greater than 1 mgd
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Figure 3-16Anion Exchange (< 20 mg/
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Figure 3-18Anion Exchange (20-50 mg
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3.9 SEPARATION PROCESSES3.9.1 Micro
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emovals are needed the ratio needs
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Figure 3-21Greensand FiltrationO&M
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This page was intentionally left bl
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4.l.2 Methods for Estimating Residu
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The use of evaporation ponds and dr
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EPA has established water quality c
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equates to a total (municipal and i
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Landfill disposal requires that res
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ackwash streams to a sanitary sewer
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handling by other mechanical or non
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of these sludges, however, are gene
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following dewatering, the dry sludg
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Selection of Handling and Disposal
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4.5 RESIDUALS HANDLING AND DISPOSAL
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Figure 4-2Anion Exchange (< 20 mg/L
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Figure 4-4Anion Exchange (20-50 mg/
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Figure 4-10Activated Alumina (pH 8
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Figure 4-14Greensand FiltrationWast
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water characteristics must be consi
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TABLE 5-1Source Water Summary - Poi
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solids (1,500 mg/L). San Ysidro is
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Figure 5-1POU Reverse OsmosisTotal
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5.5 ION EXCHANGEIon exchange (IX) h
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# Minimally skilled labor - $14.50
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Figure 5-4POU Activated AluminaO&M
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Chang, S.D., W.D. Bellamy and H. Ru
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EPA (1997). Annotated Outline for T
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Hund, R., E. Lomaquahu, A. Eaton an
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Mortazavi, S., K. Volchek, A. Tremb
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WMA, Inc. (1995). Arsenic: Impact S
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Table A1 - VSS Document Capital Cos
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Appendix BWater Model Capital CostB
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Table B2.1 - Base Costs Obtained fr
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Table B10.1 - Base Costs Obtained f
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Table C1.1 - Base Costs Obtained fr
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Table C11.1 - Base Costs Obtained f
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Appendix DBasis for Revised Activat
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much more oversight than most small
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Basis. An old activated alumina des
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Basis. The Water Model provided con
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systems could underestimate the nee
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For design flows greater than 1 mgd
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The source water at Plant C has the
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length of 10,000 BV for 7 # pH < 8
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The arsenic loaded onto the column
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column. The Phase 3 Report noted th
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The lower bound run length at pH 6
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Basis. The labor requirements when
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23. The disposal cost for the spent
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8. US EPA. Guide for Implementing P
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APPENDIX E: BASIS FOR REVISED ANION
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6. The capital costs include a redu
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Table E-2Percentage of Ground Water
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12. The building cost to house the
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15. The second major component in t
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Arsenic in the regeneration brine w
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12. Clifford, D.A. G. Ghurye et al.
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Technologies and Costs for Removal of Arsenic From Drinking Water

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