Technologies and Costs for Removal of Arsenic From Drinking Water

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Chang, S.D., W.D. Bellamy and H. Ruiz (1994). “Removal of Arsenic by Enhanced Coagulation andMembrane Technology,” Proceedings AWWA Annual Conference, New York.Chen, H., M. Frey, D. Clifford, L.S. McNeill and M. Edwards (1998). “Raw Water Quality andArsenic Treatment,” Submitted for Publication in J. AWWA.Chen, H., and M. Edwards (1996). “Speciation of As in US Waters,” Poster Session AWWA AnnualConference, Toronto.Chen, S.L., S. R. Dzeng and M. Yang (1994). “Arsenic Species in Groundwaters of the BlackfootDisease Area, Taiwan,” Environmental Science and Technology, 28:5:877.Cheng, R.C., S. Liang, H-C Wang and J. Beuhler (1994). “Enhanced Coagulation for ArsenicRemoval,” J. AWWA, 9:79-90.Clifford, D., L. Ceber and S. Chow (1983). “As (III) and As (V) Separation by Chloride-Form IonExchange Resins,” Proceedings AWWA WQTC, Norfolk, Virginia.Clifford, D. and C.C. Lin (1985). Arsenic (III) and Arsenic (V) Removal From Drinking Water in SanYsidro, New Mexico, University of Houston, Houston, Texas.Clifford, D. and C.C. Lin (1986). Arsenic Removal From Groundwater in Hanford, California - APreliminary Report, University of Houston, Department of Civil/Environmental Engineering.Cited in: AWWA (1990). Water Quality and Treatment - A Handbook of Community WaterSystems, McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, New York.Clifford, D. (1995). “Computer Prediction of Arsenic Ion Exhange,” J. AWWA, 86:4:10.Clifford, D. and C.C. Lin (1995). “Ion Exchange, Activated Alumina, and Membrane Processes forArsenic Removal from Groundwater,” Proceedings of the 45 th Annual EnvironmentalEngineering Conference, University of Kansas, February 1995.Clifford, D.A. G. Ghurye et al. (1997). Final Report: Phases 1 & 2 City of Albuquerque ArsenicStudy Field Studies on Arsenic Removal in Albuquerque, New Mexico using the Universityof Houston/EPA Mobile Drinking Water Treatment Research Facility. Houston, TX:University of Houston, December 1997.Clifford, D., G. Ghurye and A. Tripp (1998). “Arsenic Removal by Ion Exchange With and WithoutBrine Reuse,” AWWA Inorganic Contaminants Workshop, San Antonio, TX, February 23-24,1998.Clifford, D.A. G. Ghurye et al.(1998) Final Report: Phase 3 City of Albuquerque Arsenic StudyField Studies on Arsenic Removal in Albuquerque, New Mexico using the University ofHouston/EPA Mobile Drinking Water Treatment Research Facility. Houston, TX: Universityof Houston, August 1998.6-2
Cooperative Research Centres for Waste Management and Pollution Control Limited (1999). “Photo-Oxidation and Removal or Arsenic from Acid Mine Water: A Pilot Demonstration of CRCProcess in Montana, USA,” CRC for Waste Management and Pollution Control Ltd.,Kensington, NSW 2033, Australia.Culp/Wesner/Culp (1979). Estimating Water Treatment Costs, Volume 2: Cost Curves Applicable to1 to 200 mgd Treatment Plants, CWC Engineering, San Clemente, California.Culp/Wesner/Culp (1984). Estimation of Small System Water Treatment Costs, CWC EngineeringSoftware (for USEPA), San Clemente, California.Culp/Wesner/Culp (1994). WATERCO$T Model - A Computer Program for Estimating Water andWastewater Treatment Costs (Version 2.0), CWC Engineering Software, San Clemente,California.Davis, M.K., K.D. Reich and M.W. Tikkanen (1994). “Nationwide and California ArsenicOccurrence Studies,” Published in Arsenic Exposure and Health, Chapman and HallPublishing Company, pp. 31-40.DPRA, Inc. (1993a). Small Water System Byproducts Treatment and Disposal Cost Document,Prepared for USEPA Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water.DPRA, Inc. (1993b). Water System Byproducts Treatment and Disposal Cost Document, Prepared forUSEPA Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water.Driehaus, W., M. Jekel and U. Hildebrandt (1998). “Granular Ferric Hydroxide - A New Adsorbentfor the Removal of Arsenic from Natural Water,” J. Water SRT - Aqua, 47:1:30-35.Edwards, M.A. (1994). “Chemistry of Arsenic Removal During Coagulation and Fe-Mn Oxidation,”J. AWWA, September 1994, pp. 64-77.Edwards, M., S. Patel, L. McNeill, H. Chen, M. Frey, A.D. Eaton, C.R. Antweiler and E. Taylor II(1998). “Considerations in Arsenic Analysis and Speciation,” J. AWWA, 90:3:103.Elson, C.M., D.H. Davies, and E.R. Hayes (1980). “Removal of Arsenic from Contaminated DrinkingWater by Chitosan/Chitin Mixture,” Water Research, 14:1307.EPA (1989). SAB Review of Arsenic Issues Relating to the Phase II of Proposed Regulations fromthe ODW, EPA SAB-EHC-89-038.EPA (1992). Review of ORD’s Arsenic Research Recommendations, EPA SAB-DWC-92-018.EPA (1994). Review of the Draft Drinking Water Criteria Document on Inorganic Arsenic, EPA SAB-DWC-94-004.EPA (1995). An SAB Report: Review of Issues Related to the Regulation of Arsenic in DrinkingWater, EPA SAB-DWC-95-015.6-3
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United StatesEnvironmental Protecti
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThis document was pr
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2.5.7 Reverse Osmosis .............
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5.0 POINT-OF-ENTRY/POINT-OF-USE TRE
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LIST OF FIGURES2-1 Pressure Driven
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LIST OF ACRONYMSAAAWWAAWWARFBLSBVC/
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POUpoint-of-useppbparts per billion
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# Alternative treatment processes s
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This page was intentionally left bl
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ends up as ferric hydroxide. In alu
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Optimization Hierarchy for Coagulat
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Substantial arsenic removal has bee
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Vickers et al. (1997) reported that
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was reduced to 0.05 mg/L when the i
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Field StudiesSurveys of lime soften
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Effect of pHpH may have significant
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RegenerationRegeneration of AA beds
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een developed provide important inf
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applicability of IX at a particular
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TABLE 2-1Typical IX Resins for Arse
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solution strength. Arsenic elutes r
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2.4.12 Typical Design ParametersThr
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2.5.2 Important Factors for Membran
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arsenic size distribution to correl
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AWWARF (1998) also performed UF pil
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presumably due to changes in electr
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RO performance is adversely affecte
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TABLE 2-10Arsenic Removal with RO a
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eversal is the decreased potential
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2.6 ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES2.6.1 I
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20 mg As per gram of iron was remov
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The most significant weakness of th
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3.0 TECHNOLOGY COSTS3.1 INTRODUCTIO
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included in the estimates presented
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Table 3-3Water Model Capital Cost B
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3.2.3 Implementing TDP Recommended
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sources. The September 1998 index v
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Amortization, or capital recovery,
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3.3 ADDITIONAL CAPITAL COSTSThe cos
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PilotingThe Technology Design Panel
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The 1993 Technology and Cost Docume
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cause disinfection by-product (DBP)
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Figure 3-1Pre-oxidation - 1.5 mg/L
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3.6 PRECIPITATIVE PROCESSES3.6.1 Co
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enhanced coagulation treatment plan
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Figure 3-4Enhanced Coagulation/Filt
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Small Systems (Less than 1 mgd)The
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Figure 3-6Coagulation Assisted Micr
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3.6.6 Enhanced Lime SofteningEnhanc
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Figure 3-8Enhanced Lime SofteningO&
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3. Empty Bed Contact Time (EBCT) is
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For design flows greater than 1 mgd
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Figure 3-9Activated AluminaCapital
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Figure 3-11Activated Alumina (pH 8
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Figure 3-13Activated Alumina (pH Ad
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3.7.2 Granular Ferric HydroxideGran
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6. The capital costs include a redu
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Figure 3-15Bed Volumes to Arsenic B
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Figure 3-17Anion Exchange (< 20 mg/
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Figure 3-19Anion Exchange (20-50 mg
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quality feed stream and often requi
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Figure 3-20Greensand FiltrationCapi
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3.11 COMPARISON OF COSTSThe April 1
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Page 133 and 134: mechanical dewatering processes. Wh
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Page 139 and 140: 4.3.3 Dewatered Sludge Land Applica
Page 141 and 142: usually determined by the Paint Fil
Page 143 and 144: for arsenic toxicity by a substanti
Page 145 and 146: The solids content of the backwash
Page 147 and 148: carbonate hardness removal produces
Page 149 and 150: Domestic sewage means untreated san
Page 151 and 152: 4.4.10 Reverse OsmosisReverse osmos
Page 153 and 154: Figure 4-1Anion Exchange (< 20 mg/L
Page 155 and 156: Figure 4-3Anion Exchange (20-50 mg/
Page 157 and 158: Figure 4-5Coagulation Assisted Micr
Page 159 and 160: Figure 4-7Coagulation Assisted Micr
Page 161 and 162: Figure 4-9Activated Alumina (pH 7 -
Page 163 and 164: Figure 4-11Activated Alumina (pH Ad
Page 165 and 166: Figure 4-13Greensand FiltrationWast
Page 167 and 168: 5.0 POINT-OF-ENTRY/POINT-OF-USE TRE
Page 169 and 170: chromatographic peaking, which occu
Page 171 and 172: 5.3.1 Case Study 1: Fairbanks, Alas
Page 173 and 174: Manufacturer and laboratory data su
Page 175 and 176: Figure 5-2POU Reverse OsmosisO&M Co
Page 177 and 178: # Installation time - 1 hour unskil
Page 179 and 180: Figure 5-3POU Activated AluminaTota
Page 181: 6.0 REFERENCESAmy, G.L. and P. Bran
Page 185 and 186: Fuller, C.C., J.A. Davis, G.W. Zell
Page 187 and 188: Le, X.C., and M. Ma (1998). “Dete
Page 189 and 190: Scott, K., J. Green, H.D. Do and S.
Page 191: Appendix AVery Small Systems Capita
Page 194 and 195: Table A4 - VSS Document Capital Cos
Page 197 and 198: Table B1.1 - Base Costs Obtained fr
Page 207 and 208: Table B11.1 - Base Costs Obtained f
Page 209 and 210: Table B13.1 - Base Costs Obtained f
Page 211: Appendix CW/W Cost Model Capital Co
Page 214 and 215: Table C2.1 - Base Costs Obtained fr
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Table C20.1 - Base Costs Obtained f
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APPENDIX D: BASIS FOR REVISED ACTIV
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Company case study is 18 minutes (2
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egressed against their respective v
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costs for small systems is as follo
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were based on $40/sq ft). The proce
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Basis. Capital cost components incl
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The source water at Plant D has the
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equation y = (2*10 -8 )x 2 + 0.0002
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The maximum run length is 18,500 be
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Since the available arsenic capacit
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If the first column can be operated
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which includes lighting, ventilatio
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disposal costs, if needed, are cove
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Appendix EBasis for Revised Anion E
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2. The estimated cost of the anion
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9. The capital costs have been esti
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Thus, the cost of a road and fence
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length when sulfate is at or below
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the labor rates for both large and
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2. US EPA. Technologies and Costs f
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Technologies and Costs for Removal of Arsenic From Drinking Water

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