Technologies and Costs for Removal of Arsenic From Drinking Water

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Mortazavi, S., K. Volchek, A. Tremblay, F.H. Tezel and H. Whittaker (1995). “An Advanced Processfor the Removal of Arsenic From Effluents,” Proceedings of the Twelfth Technical Seminarof Chemical Spills, June 12-13, 1995, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, pp. 21-37.Muilenberg, T. (1997). “Microfiltration Basics: Theory and Practice,” Proceedings MembraneTechnology Conference, February 23-26, 1997, New Orleans, LA.New Mexico State University (1979). Water Treatment for Small Public Supplies - Report ofOperation: Cuba, Carrizozo, La luz, San Jon, San Ysidro, Bluewater, Moriarty, Hagerman, LaCruces, NM.Nikolaidis, N.P., J. Lackovic and G. Dobbs (1998). “Arsenic Remediation Technology - AsRT,”Environmental Research Institute Technical Publication.Papadimas, S.P., Z.K. Chowdhury and M. Frey (1997). “Development of Treatment and Residual CostCurves for Arsenic Removal,” AWWA Annual Conference Proceedings, Atlanta, GA, June1997.Pickering, K., and M.R. Wiesner (1993). “Cost Model for Low-Pressure Membrane Filtration,” J.Env. Eng., 119:5:772.Pontius, F.W. (1998). “New Horizons in Federal Regulation,” J. AWWA, 90:3:38-50.Raucher, R.S. (1994). Estimating the Cost of Compliance With Drinking Water Standards: A User’sGuide, AWWA, Washington.Reiber, S., G. Dostal, L. Onnen, J. McCafferty, W. Sund, and L. Andreasen (1997). Final Report:Groundwater Disinfection and Arsenic Concentration in the Fremont Distribution System,Report to USEPA, November 1997.Robinson, J. (1998). “Arsenic Removal - Case Study of Full Scale Coagulation/Filtration Plant,”AWWA Inorganic Contaminants Workshop, San Antonio, TX, February 23-24, 1998.Rosenblum, E.R. and D.A. Clifford (1984). The Equilibrium Arsenic Capacity of Activated Alumina,PB 84/10 527, NTIS, Springfield.SAIC, HDR (1994). Summary of Arsenic Treatment Workshop, USEPA, Office of Ground Water andDrinking Water, January 1994.SAIC (1998). Technolologies and Costs for the Removal of Radon from Drinking Water, DraftReport, Prepared for USEPA Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water.SAIC (1999). Evaluation of Central Treatment Options as Small System Treatment Technologies -Technology Cost Estimates, Prepared for USEPA Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water.Scott, K.N, et al. (1994). “Arsenic Removal Using Elevated Dosages of Ferric Chloride and Alumat a Full-Scale Conventional Treatment Plant,” Proceedings AWWA Annual Conference, SanFrancisco, California.6-8
Scott, K., J. Green, H.D. Do and S.J. McLean (1995). “Arsenic Removal by Coagulation,” J. AWWA,4:114-126.Sethi, S. and M.R. Wiesner (1995). “Performance and Cost Modeling of Ultrafiltration,”J. Env. Eng.,121:12:883.Shen, Y.S. (1973). “Study of Arsenic Removal from Drinking Water,” J. AWWA, 8:543-548.Simms, J. and F. Azizian (1997). “Pilot Plant Trials on the Removal of Arsenic from Potable WaterUsing Activated Alumina,” Proceedings AWWA Water Quality Technology Conference,November 9-12, 1997.Simms, J., J. Upton, and J. Barnes. (2000). “Arsenic Removal Studies and the Design of a 20,000m 3 Per Day Plant in the UK” AWWA Inorganic Contaminants Workshop, Albuquerque, NM,February 27-29, 2000.Sorg, T.J. and G.S. Logsdon (1978). “Treatment Technology to Meet the Interim Primary DrinkingWater Regulations for Inorganics: Part 2,” J. AWWA, 7:379-392.Sorg, T.J. (1990). “Methods of Removing Drinking Water Contaminants and Their Limitations:Inorganics and Radionuclides,” USEPA Drinking Water Research Division, Cincinnati, Ohio,PB91-162792.Stewart, H.T. and K.J. Kessler (1991). “Evaluation of Arsenic Removal by Activated AluminaFiltration at a Small Community Public Water Supply,” Journal of New England Water WorksAssociation, 105:179-199.Subramanian, K.S., T. Viraraghavan, T. Phommavong and S. Tanjore (1997). “Manganese Greensandfor Removal of Arsenic in Drinking Water,” Water Quality Research Journal Canada,32:3:551-561.Thomson, B.M. and M. O’Grady (1998). Evaluation of Point-of-Use Water Treatment Systems, SanYsidro, New Mexico, Final Report to USEPA, February 1998.Vickers, J.C., A. Braghetta, and R.A. Hawkins (1997). “Bench Scale Evaluation of Microfilitrationfor Removal of Particles and Natural Organic Matter,” Proceedings Membrane TechnologyConference, February 23-26, 1997, New Orleans, LA.Wageman, R. (1978). “Some Theoretical Aspects of Stability and Solubility of Inorganic Arsenic inthe Freshwater Environment,” Water Research, 12:139.Wang, L., T. Sorg, and A. Chen. (2000). “Arsenic Removal by Full Scale Ion Exchange andActivated Alumina Treatment Systems.” AWWA Inorganic Contaminants Workshop,Albuquerque, NM, February 27-29, 2000.WMA, Inc. (1994). Assembly of Compliance Decision Tree for Arsenic, Correspondence with Ms.Heather Shank-Givens, EPA, Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water, November 1994.6-9
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United StatesEnvironmental Protecti
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThis document was pr
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2.5.7 Reverse Osmosis .............
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5.0 POINT-OF-ENTRY/POINT-OF-USE TRE
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LIST OF FIGURES2-1 Pressure Driven
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LIST OF ACRONYMSAAAWWAAWWARFBLSBVC/
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POUpoint-of-useppbparts per billion
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# Alternative treatment processes s
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This page was intentionally left bl
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ends up as ferric hydroxide. In alu
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Optimization Hierarchy for Coagulat
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Substantial arsenic removal has bee
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Vickers et al. (1997) reported that
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was reduced to 0.05 mg/L when the i
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Field StudiesSurveys of lime soften
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Effect of pHpH may have significant
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RegenerationRegeneration of AA beds
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een developed provide important inf
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applicability of IX at a particular
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TABLE 2-1Typical IX Resins for Arse
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solution strength. Arsenic elutes r
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2.4.12 Typical Design ParametersThr
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2.5.2 Important Factors for Membran
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arsenic size distribution to correl
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AWWARF (1998) also performed UF pil
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presumably due to changes in electr
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RO performance is adversely affecte
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TABLE 2-10Arsenic Removal with RO a
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eversal is the decreased potential
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2.6 ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES2.6.1 I
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20 mg As per gram of iron was remov
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The most significant weakness of th
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3.0 TECHNOLOGY COSTS3.1 INTRODUCTIO
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included in the estimates presented
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Table 3-3Water Model Capital Cost B
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3.2.3 Implementing TDP Recommended
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sources. The September 1998 index v
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Amortization, or capital recovery,
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3.3 ADDITIONAL CAPITAL COSTSThe cos
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PilotingThe Technology Design Panel
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The 1993 Technology and Cost Docume
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cause disinfection by-product (DBP)
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Figure 3-1Pre-oxidation - 1.5 mg/L
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3.6 PRECIPITATIVE PROCESSES3.6.1 Co
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enhanced coagulation treatment plan
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Figure 3-4Enhanced Coagulation/Filt
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Small Systems (Less than 1 mgd)The
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Figure 3-6Coagulation Assisted Micr
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3.6.6 Enhanced Lime SofteningEnhanc
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Figure 3-8Enhanced Lime SofteningO&
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3. Empty Bed Contact Time (EBCT) is
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For design flows greater than 1 mgd
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Figure 3-9Activated AluminaCapital
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Figure 3-11Activated Alumina (pH 8
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Figure 3-13Activated Alumina (pH Ad
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3.7.2 Granular Ferric HydroxideGran
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6. The capital costs include a redu
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Figure 3-15Bed Volumes to Arsenic B
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Figure 3-17Anion Exchange (< 20 mg/
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Figure 3-19Anion Exchange (20-50 mg
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quality feed stream and often requi
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Figure 3-20Greensand FiltrationCapi
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3.11 COMPARISON OF COSTSThe April 1
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4.0 RESIDUALS HANDLING AND DISPOSAL
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mechanical dewatering processes. Wh
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Storage lagoons are best suited for
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Page 141 and 142: usually determined by the Paint Fil
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Page 145 and 146: The solids content of the backwash
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Page 149 and 150: Domestic sewage means untreated san
Page 151 and 152: 4.4.10 Reverse OsmosisReverse osmos
Page 153 and 154: Figure 4-1Anion Exchange (< 20 mg/L
Page 155 and 156: Figure 4-3Anion Exchange (20-50 mg/
Page 157 and 158: Figure 4-5Coagulation Assisted Micr
Page 159 and 160: Figure 4-7Coagulation Assisted Micr
Page 161 and 162: Figure 4-9Activated Alumina (pH 7 -
Page 163 and 164: Figure 4-11Activated Alumina (pH Ad
Page 165 and 166: Figure 4-13Greensand FiltrationWast
Page 167 and 168: 5.0 POINT-OF-ENTRY/POINT-OF-USE TRE
Page 169 and 170: chromatographic peaking, which occu
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Page 173 and 174: Manufacturer and laboratory data su
Page 175 and 176: Figure 5-2POU Reverse OsmosisO&M Co
Page 177 and 178: # Installation time - 1 hour unskil
Page 179 and 180: Figure 5-3POU Activated AluminaTota
Page 181 and 182: 6.0 REFERENCESAmy, G.L. and P. Bran
Page 183 and 184: Cooperative Research Centres for Wa
Page 185 and 186: Fuller, C.C., J.A. Davis, G.W. Zell
Page 187: Le, X.C., and M. Ma (1998). “Dete
Page 191: Appendix AVery Small Systems Capita
Page 194 and 195: Table A4 - VSS Document Capital Cos
Page 197 and 198: Table B1.1 - Base Costs Obtained fr
Page 207 and 208: Table B11.1 - Base Costs Obtained f
Page 209 and 210: Table B13.1 - Base Costs Obtained f
Page 211: Appendix CW/W Cost Model Capital Co
Page 214 and 215: Table C2.1 - Base Costs Obtained fr
Page 222 and 223: Table C10.1 - Base Costs Obtained f
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Table C26.1 - Base Costs Obtained f
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APPENDIX D: BASIS FOR REVISED ACTIV
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Company case study is 18 minutes (2
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egressed against their respective v
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costs for small systems is as follo
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were based on $40/sq ft). The proce
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Basis. Capital cost components incl
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The source water at Plant D has the
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equation y = (2*10 -8 )x 2 + 0.0002
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The maximum run length is 18,500 be
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Since the available arsenic capacit
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If the first column can be operated
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which includes lighting, ventilatio
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disposal costs, if needed, are cove
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Appendix EBasis for Revised Anion E
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2. The estimated cost of the anion
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9. The capital costs have been esti
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Thus, the cost of a road and fence
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length when sulfate is at or below
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the labor rates for both large and
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2. US EPA. Technologies and Costs f
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Technologies and Costs for Removal of Arsenic From Drinking Water

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