Technologies and Costs for Removal of Arsenic From Drinking Water

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LIST OF ACRONYMSAAAWWAAWWARFBLSBVC/FCFRD/DBPDBPDDDMAADOCDWRDEBCTEDEDRENREPEPAFe/MnftGACGFHgpdgpmGTHDactivated aluminaAmerican Water Works AssociationAmerican Water Works Association Research FoundationBureau of Labor Statisticsbed volumecoagulation/filtrationCode of Federal RegulationsDisinfectant/Disinfection By-Productdisinfection by-productdirect dischargedimethyl arsenic aciddissolved organic carbonDrinking Water Research Divisionempty bed contact timeelectrodialysiselectrodialysis reversalEngineering News Recordevaporation ponds and drying bedsUnited States Environmental Protection Agencyiron/manganesefeetgranular activated carbongranular ferric hydroxidegallons per daygallons per minutegravity thickeninghazardous waste landfill disposalviii
HDPEIDIOCSIXkgalkgpdkWhLAlb/acreLSMCLMCLGMDMDLMFmg/kgmg/LMGD or mgdMMAAMWCOMWDSCNFNOMNIPDWRNPDESNPDWRO&MOGWDWPOEPOTWhigh-density polyethyleneindirect dischargeiron oxide coated sandion exchangethousand gallonsthousand gallons per daykilowatt hourland applicationpounds per acrelime softeningMaximum Contaminant LevelMaximum Contaminant Level Goalmechanical dewateringminimum detection limitmicrofiltrationmilligram per kilogrammilligrams per litermillion gallons per daymonomethyl arsenic acidmolecular weight cut-offMetropolitan Water District of Southern Californiananofiltrationnatural organic matterNational Interim Primary Drinking Water RegulationNational Pollutant Discharge Elimination SystemNational Primary Drinking Water Regulationoperations and maintenanceOffice of Ground Water and Drinking Waterpoint-of-entrypublic-owned treatment worksix
Page 1: United StatesEnvironmental Protecti
Page 5: ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThis document was pr
Page 8 and 9: 2.5.7 Reverse Osmosis .............
Page 10 and 11: 5.0 POINT-OF-ENTRY/POINT-OF-USE TRE
Page 12 and 13: LIST OF FIGURES2-1 Pressure Driven
Page 16 and 17: POUpoint-of-useppbparts per billion
Page 18 and 19: # Alternative treatment processes s
Page 20 and 21: This page was intentionally left bl
Page 23 and 24: ends up as ferric hydroxide. In alu
Page 25 and 26: Optimization Hierarchy for Coagulat
Page 27 and 28: Substantial arsenic removal has bee
Page 29 and 30: Vickers et al. (1997) reported that
Page 31 and 32: was reduced to 0.05 mg/L when the i
Page 33 and 34: Field StudiesSurveys of lime soften
Page 35 and 36: Effect of pHpH may have significant
Page 37 and 38: RegenerationRegeneration of AA beds
Page 39 and 40: een developed provide important inf
Page 41 and 42: applicability of IX at a particular
Page 43 and 44: TABLE 2-1Typical IX Resins for Arse
Page 45 and 46: solution strength. Arsenic elutes r
Page 47 and 48: 2.4.12 Typical Design ParametersThr
Page 49 and 50: 2.5.2 Important Factors for Membran
Page 51 and 52: arsenic size distribution to correl
Page 53 and 54: AWWARF (1998) also performed UF pil
Page 55 and 56: presumably due to changes in electr
Page 57 and 58: RO performance is adversely affecte
Page 59 and 60: TABLE 2-10Arsenic Removal with RO a
Page 61 and 62: eversal is the decreased potential
Page 63 and 64: 2.6 ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES2.6.1 I
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20 mg As per gram of iron was remov
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The most significant weakness of th
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3.0 TECHNOLOGY COSTS3.1 INTRODUCTIO
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included in the estimates presented
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Table 3-3Water Model Capital Cost B
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3.2.3 Implementing TDP Recommended
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sources. The September 1998 index v
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Amortization, or capital recovery,
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3.3 ADDITIONAL CAPITAL COSTSThe cos
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PilotingThe Technology Design Panel
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The 1993 Technology and Cost Docume
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cause disinfection by-product (DBP)
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Figure 3-1Pre-oxidation - 1.5 mg/L
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3.6 PRECIPITATIVE PROCESSES3.6.1 Co
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enhanced coagulation treatment plan
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Figure 3-4Enhanced Coagulation/Filt
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Small Systems (Less than 1 mgd)The
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Figure 3-6Coagulation Assisted Micr
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3.6.6 Enhanced Lime SofteningEnhanc
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Figure 3-8Enhanced Lime SofteningO&
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3. Empty Bed Contact Time (EBCT) is
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For design flows greater than 1 mgd
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Figure 3-9Activated AluminaCapital
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Figure 3-11Activated Alumina (pH 8
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Figure 3-13Activated Alumina (pH Ad
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3.7.2 Granular Ferric HydroxideGran
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6. The capital costs include a redu
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Figure 3-15Bed Volumes to Arsenic B
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Figure 3-17Anion Exchange (< 20 mg/
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Figure 3-19Anion Exchange (20-50 mg
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quality feed stream and often requi
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Figure 3-20Greensand FiltrationCapi
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3.11 COMPARISON OF COSTSThe April 1
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4.0 RESIDUALS HANDLING AND DISPOSAL
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mechanical dewatering processes. Wh
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Storage lagoons are best suited for
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the current Industrial Pretreatment
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4.3.3 Dewatered Sludge Land Applica
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usually determined by the Paint Fil
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for arsenic toxicity by a substanti
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The solids content of the backwash
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carbonate hardness removal produces
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Domestic sewage means untreated san
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4.4.10 Reverse OsmosisReverse osmos
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Figure 4-1Anion Exchange (< 20 mg/L
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Figure 4-3Anion Exchange (20-50 mg/
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Figure 4-9Activated Alumina (pH 7 -
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Figure 4-11Activated Alumina (pH Ad
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Figure 4-13Greensand FiltrationWast
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5.0 POINT-OF-ENTRY/POINT-OF-USE TRE
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chromatographic peaking, which occu
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5.3.1 Case Study 1: Fairbanks, Alas
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Manufacturer and laboratory data su
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Figure 5-2POU Reverse OsmosisO&M Co
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# Installation time - 1 hour unskil
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Figure 5-3POU Activated AluminaTota
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6.0 REFERENCESAmy, G.L. and P. Bran
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Cooperative Research Centres for Wa
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Fuller, C.C., J.A. Davis, G.W. Zell
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Le, X.C., and M. Ma (1998). “Dete
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Scott, K., J. Green, H.D. Do and S.
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Appendix AVery Small Systems Capita
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Table A4 - VSS Document Capital Cos
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Table B1.1 - Base Costs Obtained fr
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Table B11.1 - Base Costs Obtained f
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Table B13.1 - Base Costs Obtained f
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Appendix CW/W Cost Model Capital Co
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Table C2.1 - Base Costs Obtained fr
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Table C10.1 - Base Costs Obtained f
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APPENDIX D: BASIS FOR REVISED ACTIV
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Company case study is 18 minutes (2
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egressed against their respective v
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costs for small systems is as follo
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were based on $40/sq ft). The proce
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Basis. Capital cost components incl
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The source water at Plant D has the
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equation y = (2*10 -8 )x 2 + 0.0002
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The maximum run length is 18,500 be
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Since the available arsenic capacit
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If the first column can be operated
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which includes lighting, ventilatio
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disposal costs, if needed, are cove
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Appendix EBasis for Revised Anion E
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2. The estimated cost of the anion
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9. The capital costs have been esti
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Thus, the cost of a road and fence
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length when sulfate is at or below
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the labor rates for both large and
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2. US EPA. Technologies and Costs f
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Technologies and Costs for Removal of Arsenic From Drinking Water

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