Technologies and Costs for Removal of Arsenic From Drinking Water

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Table B4.1 - Base Costs Obtained from the Water Model for ChlorinationCost ComponentCapital CostCost CategoryExcavation & Sitework $1,200 cManufactured Equipment $2,700 pConcrete $300 pLabor $400 cPipes and Valves $500 pElectrical $2,200 pHousing $7,800 pSubtotal $15,100Contingencies $2,300 cTotal $17,400Table B4.2 - Water Model Base Construction Cost Analysis for ChlorinationCost ComponentAverageCost PercentExcavation & Sitework 6.90% 6.90%Manufactured Equipment 15.52% 15.52%Concrete 1.72% 1.72%Labor 2.30% 2.30%Pipes and Valves 2.87% 2.87%Electrical 12.64% 12.64%Housing 44.83% 44.83%Contingencies 13.22% 13.22%Total 100.00% 100.00%International Consultants, Inc.Contract 68-C6-0039 B-4February 1999Water Model Capital Cost Breakdown
Table B5.1 - Base Costs Obtained from the Water Model for Underground Clearwell StorageCost ComponentDesign Capacity (gpd)Capital Cost5,000 10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 CategoryExcavation & Sitework $3,300 $5,700 $16,500 $25,300 $75,400 cConcrete $9,800 $16,500 $37,000 $64,000 $216,400 pSteel $300 $400 $500 $500 $600 pElectrical $2,600 $2,600 $2,600 $2,600 $2,600 pSubtotal $16,000 $25,200 $56,600 $92,400 $295,000Contingencies $2,400 $3,800 $8,500 $13,900 $44,300 cTotal $18,400 $29,000 $65,100 $106,300 $339,300Table B5.2 - Water Model Base Construction Cost Analysis for Underground Clearwell StorageCost Component5,000 10,000Design Capacity (gpd)Average50,000 100,000 500,000 PercentExcavation & Sitework 17.93% 19.66% 25.35% 23.80% 22.22% 21.79%Concrete 53.26% 56.90% 56.84% 60.21% 63.78% 58.20%Steel 1.63% 1.38% 0.77% 0.47% 0.18% 0.88%Electrical 14.13% 8.97% 3.99% 2.45% 0.77% 6.06%Contingencies 13.04% 13.10% 13.06% 13.08% 13.06% 13.07%Total 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%International Consultants, Inc.Contract 68-C6-0039 B-5February 1999Water Model Capital Cost Breakdown
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United StatesEnvironmental Protecti
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThis document was pr
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2.5.7 Reverse Osmosis .............
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5.0 POINT-OF-ENTRY/POINT-OF-USE TRE
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LIST OF FIGURES2-1 Pressure Driven
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LIST OF ACRONYMSAAAWWAAWWARFBLSBVC/
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POUpoint-of-useppbparts per billion
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# Alternative treatment processes s
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ends up as ferric hydroxide. In alu
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Optimization Hierarchy for Coagulat
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Substantial arsenic removal has bee
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Vickers et al. (1997) reported that
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was reduced to 0.05 mg/L when the i
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Field StudiesSurveys of lime soften
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Effect of pHpH may have significant
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RegenerationRegeneration of AA beds
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een developed provide important inf
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applicability of IX at a particular
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TABLE 2-1Typical IX Resins for Arse
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solution strength. Arsenic elutes r
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2.4.12 Typical Design ParametersThr
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2.5.2 Important Factors for Membran
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arsenic size distribution to correl
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AWWARF (1998) also performed UF pil
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presumably due to changes in electr
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RO performance is adversely affecte
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TABLE 2-10Arsenic Removal with RO a
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eversal is the decreased potential
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2.6 ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES2.6.1 I
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20 mg As per gram of iron was remov
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The most significant weakness of th
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3.0 TECHNOLOGY COSTS3.1 INTRODUCTIO
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included in the estimates presented
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Table 3-3Water Model Capital Cost B
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3.2.3 Implementing TDP Recommended
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sources. The September 1998 index v
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Amortization, or capital recovery,
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3.3 ADDITIONAL CAPITAL COSTSThe cos
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PilotingThe Technology Design Panel
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The 1993 Technology and Cost Docume
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cause disinfection by-product (DBP)
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Figure 3-1Pre-oxidation - 1.5 mg/L
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3.6 PRECIPITATIVE PROCESSES3.6.1 Co
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enhanced coagulation treatment plan
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Figure 3-4Enhanced Coagulation/Filt
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Small Systems (Less than 1 mgd)The
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Figure 3-6Coagulation Assisted Micr
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3.6.6 Enhanced Lime SofteningEnhanc
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Figure 3-8Enhanced Lime SofteningO&
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3. Empty Bed Contact Time (EBCT) is
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For design flows greater than 1 mgd
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Figure 3-9Activated AluminaCapital
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Figure 3-11Activated Alumina (pH 8
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Figure 3-13Activated Alumina (pH Ad
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3.7.2 Granular Ferric HydroxideGran
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6. The capital costs include a redu
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Figure 3-15Bed Volumes to Arsenic B
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Figure 3-17Anion Exchange (< 20 mg/
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Figure 3-19Anion Exchange (20-50 mg
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quality feed stream and often requi
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Figure 3-20Greensand FiltrationCapi
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3.11 COMPARISON OF COSTSThe April 1
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4.0 RESIDUALS HANDLING AND DISPOSAL
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mechanical dewatering processes. Wh
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Storage lagoons are best suited for
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the current Industrial Pretreatment
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4.3.3 Dewatered Sludge Land Applica
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usually determined by the Paint Fil
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for arsenic toxicity by a substanti
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The solids content of the backwash
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carbonate hardness removal produces
Page 149 and 150: Domestic sewage means untreated san
Page 151 and 152: 4.4.10 Reverse OsmosisReverse osmos
Page 153 and 154: Figure 4-1Anion Exchange (< 20 mg/L
Page 155 and 156: Figure 4-3Anion Exchange (20-50 mg/
Page 157 and 158: Figure 4-5Coagulation Assisted Micr
Page 159 and 160: Figure 4-7Coagulation Assisted Micr
Page 161 and 162: Figure 4-9Activated Alumina (pH 7 -
Page 163 and 164: Figure 4-11Activated Alumina (pH Ad
Page 165 and 166: Figure 4-13Greensand FiltrationWast
Page 167 and 168: 5.0 POINT-OF-ENTRY/POINT-OF-USE TRE
Page 169 and 170: chromatographic peaking, which occu
Page 171 and 172: 5.3.1 Case Study 1: Fairbanks, Alas
Page 173 and 174: Manufacturer and laboratory data su
Page 175 and 176: Figure 5-2POU Reverse OsmosisO&M Co
Page 177 and 178: # Installation time - 1 hour unskil
Page 179 and 180: Figure 5-3POU Activated AluminaTota
Page 181 and 182: 6.0 REFERENCESAmy, G.L. and P. Bran
Page 183 and 184: Cooperative Research Centres for Wa
Page 185 and 186: Fuller, C.C., J.A. Davis, G.W. Zell
Page 187 and 188: Le, X.C., and M. Ma (1998). “Dete
Page 189 and 190: Scott, K., J. Green, H.D. Do and S.
Page 191: Appendix AVery Small Systems Capita
Page 194 and 195: Table A4 - VSS Document Capital Cos
Page 197 and 198: Table B1.1 - Base Costs Obtained fr
Page 199: Table B3.1 - Base Costs Obtained fr
Page 207 and 208: Table B11.1 - Base Costs Obtained f
Page 209 and 210: Table B13.1 - Base Costs Obtained f
Page 211: Appendix CW/W Cost Model Capital Co
Page 214 and 215: Table C2.1 - Base Costs Obtained fr
Page 222 and 223: Table C10.1 - Base Costs Obtained f
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Page 243 and 244: APPENDIX D: BASIS FOR REVISED ACTIV
Page 245 and 246: Company case study is 18 minutes (2
Page 247 and 248: egressed against their respective v
Page 249 and 250: costs for small systems is as follo
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were based on $40/sq ft). The proce
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Basis. Capital cost components incl
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The source water at Plant D has the
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equation y = (2*10 -8 )x 2 + 0.0002
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The maximum run length is 18,500 be
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Since the available arsenic capacit
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If the first column can be operated
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which includes lighting, ventilatio
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disposal costs, if needed, are cove
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Appendix EBasis for Revised Anion E
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2. The estimated cost of the anion
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9. The capital costs have been esti
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Thus, the cost of a road and fence
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length when sulfate is at or below
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the labor rates for both large and
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2. US EPA. Technologies and Costs f
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Technologies and Costs for Removal of Arsenic From Drinking Water

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