Technologies and Costs for Removal of Arsenic From Drinking Water

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EPA (1997). Annotated Outline for Technology and Cost Document in Draft Regulatory Analysis andStandards Support Documentation, September 8, 1997.EPA (1997). Technology Design Conference Information Package, USEPA Office of Ground Waterand Drinking Water.EPA (1998a). Guide for Implementing Phase I Water Treatment Upgrade, USEPA Office of GroundWater and Drinking Water.EPA (1998b). Water Treatment Costs Development (Phase I): Road Map to Cost Comparisons,USEPA Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water.EPA. (2000). Arsenic Removal from Drinking Water by Coagulation/Filtration and Lime SofteningPlants. Prepared by Battelle under contract 68-C7-0008 for EPA ORD. June 2000.EPA. (2000). Arsenic Removal from Drinking Water by Iron Removal Plants. Prepared by Battelleunder contract 68-C7-0008 for EPA ORD. August 2000.EPA. (2000). Arsenic Removal from Drinking Water by Ion Exchange and Activated AluminaPlants. Prepared by Battelle under contract 68-C7-0008 for EPA ORD. October 2000.Ficklin, W.H. (1983). “Separation of As (III) and As (V) in Ground Waters by Ion-Exchange,”Talanta, 30:5:371.Fields, K., T. Sorg, A. Chen, and L. Wang. (2000). “Long-Term Evaluation of Arsenic Removalin Conventional Water Treatment Systems.” AWWA Inorganic Contaminants Workshop,Albuquerque, NM, February 27-29, 2000.Fox, K.R. and T.J. Sorg (1987). “Controlling Arsenic, Fluoride, and Uranium by Point-of-UseTreatment,” J. AWWA, 10:81-84.Fox, K.R. (1989). “Field Experience with Point-of-Use Treatment Systems for Arsenic Removal,” J.AWWA, 2:94-101.Fox, K.R. (1994). “Point-of-Use Treatment for Arsenic Removal,” USEPA Risk ReductionEngineering Laboratory 20 th Annual Symposium, March 15-17, 1994, pp. 52-54.Frank, P. and D. Clifford (1990). Project Summary: Arsenic (III) Oxidation and Removal fromDrinking Water, EPA/600/S-2-86/021.Frey, M.M. and M. Edwards (1997). “Surveying Arsenic Occurrence,” J. AWWA, 89:3:105.Frey, M.M., M. Edwards and G. Amy (1997). National Compliance Assessment and Costs for theRegulation of Arsenic in Drinking Water, AWWA, Washington.Frey, M., D.M. Owen, Z.K. Chowdhury, R.S. Raucher and M. Edwards (1998). “Cost to Utilities ofa Lower MCL for Arsenic,” J. AWWA, 90:3:89.6-4
Fuller, C.C., J.A. Davis, G.W. Zellwegger and K.E. Goddard (1988). “Coupled Chemical, Biological,and Physical Processes in Whitewood Creek, South Dakota: Evaluation of the Controls ofDissolved Arsenic,” Proceedings of the Technical Meeting, Arizona, US Geological SurveyToxic Substances Hydrology Program, September 26-30, 1988.Garling, R.A. (1981). “Evaluation of Electrodialysis for Process Water Treatment for In-SituMining,” Presented at Fifth Annual Uranium Seminar, Albuquerque, NM.Ghurye, G., D. Clifford and J. Tong (1998). “Iron Coagulation/Filtration for Arsenic Removal,”AWWA Inorganic Contaminants Workshop, San Antonio, TX, February 23-24, 1998.Gibbs, J.W. and L.P. Scanlan (1998). “Arsenic Removal in the 1990's: Full Scale Experience fromPark City, Utah,” AWWA Inorganic Contaminants Workshop, San Antonio, TX, February 23-24, 1998Great Lakes Upper Mississippi River Board of State Public Health and Environmental Managers(1997). Recommended Standards for Water Works, Health Education Services, Albany, NY,1997.Gulledge, J.H. and J.T. O’Connor (1973). “Removal of Arsenic (V) From Water by Adsorption onAluminum and Ferric Hydroxides,” J. AWWA, 8:548-552.Gupta, S.K. and K.Y. Chen (1978). “Arsenic Removal by Adsorption,” Journal of WPCF, 3:3:493.Harper, T.R. and N.W. Kingham (1992). “Removal of Arsenic from Wastewater Using ChemicalPrecipitation Methods,” Water Environment Research, 64:3:200.Hathaway, S.W. and F. Rubel, Jr. (1987). “Removing Arsenic From Drinking Water,” J. AWWA,79:8:61-65.Hecht, P.M. U.G. Kelkar and D.J. Hiltebrand (1994). “Enhanced Coagulation: Impacts on ResidualManagement Programs,” Proceedings AWWA Annual Conference, New York.Hering, J.G. and M. Elimelech (1996). Arsenic Removal by Enhanced Coagulation and MembraneProcesses, AWWA, Denver.Hering, J.G., P. Chen, J.A. Wilkie, M. Elimelech, and S. Liang (1996). “Arsenic Removal by FerricChloride,” J. AWWA, 88:4:155-167.Hering, J.G., P-Y. Chen, J.A. Wilkie and M. Elimelech (1997). “Arsenic Removal From DrinkingWater During Coagulation,” J. Env. Engineering, 123:8:800-807.Hering, J.G., and V.Q. Chiu (1998). “The Chemistry of Arsenic: Treatment and Implications ofArsenic Speciation and Occurrence,” AWWA Inorganic Contaminants Workshop, SanAntonio, TX, February 23-24, 1998.6-5
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United StatesEnvironmental Protecti
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThis document was pr
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2.5.7 Reverse Osmosis .............
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5.0 POINT-OF-ENTRY/POINT-OF-USE TRE
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LIST OF FIGURES2-1 Pressure Driven
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LIST OF ACRONYMSAAAWWAAWWARFBLSBVC/
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POUpoint-of-useppbparts per billion
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# Alternative treatment processes s
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This page was intentionally left bl
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ends up as ferric hydroxide. In alu
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Optimization Hierarchy for Coagulat
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Substantial arsenic removal has bee
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Vickers et al. (1997) reported that
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was reduced to 0.05 mg/L when the i
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Field StudiesSurveys of lime soften
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Effect of pHpH may have significant
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RegenerationRegeneration of AA beds
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een developed provide important inf
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applicability of IX at a particular
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TABLE 2-1Typical IX Resins for Arse
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solution strength. Arsenic elutes r
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2.4.12 Typical Design ParametersThr
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2.5.2 Important Factors for Membran
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arsenic size distribution to correl
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AWWARF (1998) also performed UF pil
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presumably due to changes in electr
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RO performance is adversely affecte
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TABLE 2-10Arsenic Removal with RO a
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eversal is the decreased potential
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2.6 ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES2.6.1 I
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20 mg As per gram of iron was remov
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The most significant weakness of th
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3.0 TECHNOLOGY COSTS3.1 INTRODUCTIO
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included in the estimates presented
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Table 3-3Water Model Capital Cost B
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3.2.3 Implementing TDP Recommended
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sources. The September 1998 index v
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Amortization, or capital recovery,
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3.3 ADDITIONAL CAPITAL COSTSThe cos
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PilotingThe Technology Design Panel
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The 1993 Technology and Cost Docume
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cause disinfection by-product (DBP)
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Figure 3-1Pre-oxidation - 1.5 mg/L
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3.6 PRECIPITATIVE PROCESSES3.6.1 Co
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enhanced coagulation treatment plan
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Figure 3-4Enhanced Coagulation/Filt
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Small Systems (Less than 1 mgd)The
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Figure 3-6Coagulation Assisted Micr
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3.6.6 Enhanced Lime SofteningEnhanc
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Figure 3-8Enhanced Lime SofteningO&
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3. Empty Bed Contact Time (EBCT) is
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For design flows greater than 1 mgd
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Figure 3-9Activated AluminaCapital
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Figure 3-11Activated Alumina (pH 8
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Figure 3-13Activated Alumina (pH Ad
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3.7.2 Granular Ferric HydroxideGran
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6. The capital costs include a redu
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Figure 3-15Bed Volumes to Arsenic B
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Figure 3-17Anion Exchange (< 20 mg/
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Figure 3-19Anion Exchange (20-50 mg
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quality feed stream and often requi
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Figure 3-20Greensand FiltrationCapi
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3.11 COMPARISON OF COSTSThe April 1
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4.0 RESIDUALS HANDLING AND DISPOSAL
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Page 141 and 142: usually determined by the Paint Fil
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Page 149 and 150: Domestic sewage means untreated san
Page 151 and 152: 4.4.10 Reverse OsmosisReverse osmos
Page 153 and 154: Figure 4-1Anion Exchange (< 20 mg/L
Page 155 and 156: Figure 4-3Anion Exchange (20-50 mg/
Page 157 and 158: Figure 4-5Coagulation Assisted Micr
Page 159 and 160: Figure 4-7Coagulation Assisted Micr
Page 161 and 162: Figure 4-9Activated Alumina (pH 7 -
Page 163 and 164: Figure 4-11Activated Alumina (pH Ad
Page 165 and 166: Figure 4-13Greensand FiltrationWast
Page 167 and 168: 5.0 POINT-OF-ENTRY/POINT-OF-USE TRE
Page 169 and 170: chromatographic peaking, which occu
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Page 173 and 174: Manufacturer and laboratory data su
Page 175 and 176: Figure 5-2POU Reverse OsmosisO&M Co
Page 177 and 178: # Installation time - 1 hour unskil
Page 179 and 180: Figure 5-3POU Activated AluminaTota
Page 181 and 182: 6.0 REFERENCESAmy, G.L. and P. Bran
Page 183: Cooperative Research Centres for Wa
Page 187 and 188: Le, X.C., and M. Ma (1998). “Dete
Page 189 and 190: Scott, K., J. Green, H.D. Do and S.
Page 191: Appendix AVery Small Systems Capita
Page 194 and 195: Table A4 - VSS Document Capital Cos
Page 197 and 198: Table B1.1 - Base Costs Obtained fr
Page 207 and 208: Table B11.1 - Base Costs Obtained f
Page 209 and 210: Table B13.1 - Base Costs Obtained f
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Table C22.1 - Base Costs Obtained f
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APPENDIX D: BASIS FOR REVISED ACTIV
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Company case study is 18 minutes (2
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egressed against their respective v
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costs for small systems is as follo
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were based on $40/sq ft). The proce
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Basis. Capital cost components incl
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The source water at Plant D has the
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equation y = (2*10 -8 )x 2 + 0.0002
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The maximum run length is 18,500 be
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Since the available arsenic capacit
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If the first column can be operated
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which includes lighting, ventilatio
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disposal costs, if needed, are cove
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Appendix EBasis for Revised Anion E
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2. The estimated cost of the anion
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9. The capital costs have been esti
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Thus, the cost of a road and fence
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length when sulfate is at or below
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the labor rates for both large and
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2. US EPA. Technologies and Costs f
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Technologies and Costs for Removal of Arsenic From Drinking Water

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