Chang, S.D., W.D. Bellamy <strong>and</strong> H. Ruiz (1994). “<strong>Removal</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Arsenic</strong> by Enhanced Coagulation <strong>and</strong>Membrane Technology,” Proceedings AWWA Annual Conference, New York.Chen, H., M. Frey, D. Clif<strong>for</strong>d, L.S. McNeill <strong>and</strong> M. Edwards (1998). “Raw <strong>Water</strong> Quality <strong>and</strong><strong>Arsenic</strong> Treatment,” Submitted <strong>for</strong> Publication in J. AWWA.Chen, H., <strong>and</strong> M. Edwards (1996). “Speciation <strong>of</strong> As in US <strong>Water</strong>s,” Poster Session AWWA AnnualConference, Toronto.Chen, S.L., S. R. Dzeng <strong>and</strong> M. Yang (1994). “<strong>Arsenic</strong> Species in Groundwaters <strong>of</strong> the BlackfootDisease Area, Taiwan,” Environmental Science <strong>and</strong> Technology, 28:5:877.Cheng, R.C., S. Liang, H-C Wang <strong>and</strong> J. Beuhler (1994). “Enhanced Coagulation <strong>for</strong> <strong>Arsenic</strong><strong>Removal</strong>,” J. AWWA, 9:79-90.Clif<strong>for</strong>d, D., L. Ceber <strong>and</strong> S. Chow (1983). “As (III) <strong>and</strong> As (V) Separation by Chloride-Form IonExchange Resins,” Proceedings AWWA WQTC, Norfolk, Virginia.Clif<strong>for</strong>d, D. <strong>and</strong> C.C. Lin (1985). <strong>Arsenic</strong> (III) <strong>and</strong> <strong>Arsenic</strong> (V) <strong>Removal</strong> <strong>From</strong> <strong>Drinking</strong> <strong>Water</strong> in SanYsidro, New Mexico, University <strong>of</strong> Houston, Houston, Texas.Clif<strong>for</strong>d, D. <strong>and</strong> C.C. Lin (1986). <strong>Arsenic</strong> <strong>Removal</strong> <strong>From</strong> Groundwater in Han<strong>for</strong>d, Cali<strong>for</strong>nia - APreliminary Report, University <strong>of</strong> Houston, Department <strong>of</strong> Civil/Environmental Engineering.Cited in: AWWA (1990). <strong>Water</strong> Quality <strong>and</strong> Treatment - A H<strong>and</strong>book <strong>of</strong> Community <strong>Water</strong>Systems, McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, New York.Clif<strong>for</strong>d, D. (1995). “Computer Prediction <strong>of</strong> <strong>Arsenic</strong> Ion Exhange,” J. AWWA, 86:4:10.Clif<strong>for</strong>d, D. <strong>and</strong> C.C. Lin (1995). “Ion Exchange, Activated Alumina, <strong>and</strong> Membrane Processes <strong>for</strong><strong>Arsenic</strong> <strong>Removal</strong> from Groundwater,” Proceedings <strong>of</strong> the 45 th Annual EnvironmentalEngineering Conference, University <strong>of</strong> Kansas, February 1995.Clif<strong>for</strong>d, D.A. G. Ghurye et al. (1997). Final Report: Phases 1 & 2 City <strong>of</strong> Albuquerque <strong>Arsenic</strong>Study Field Studies on <strong>Arsenic</strong> <strong>Removal</strong> in Albuquerque, New Mexico using the University<strong>of</strong> Houston/EPA Mobile <strong>Drinking</strong> <strong>Water</strong> Treatment Research Facility. Houston, TX:University <strong>of</strong> Houston, December 1997.Clif<strong>for</strong>d, D., G. Ghurye <strong>and</strong> A. Tripp (1998). “<strong>Arsenic</strong> <strong>Removal</strong> by Ion Exchange With <strong>and</strong> WithoutBrine Reuse,” AWWA Inorganic Contaminants Workshop, San Antonio, TX, February 23-24,1998.Clif<strong>for</strong>d, D.A. G. Ghurye et al.(1998) Final Report: Phase 3 City <strong>of</strong> Albuquerque <strong>Arsenic</strong> StudyField Studies on <strong>Arsenic</strong> <strong>Removal</strong> in Albuquerque, New Mexico using the University <strong>of</strong>Houston/EPA Mobile <strong>Drinking</strong> <strong>Water</strong> Treatment Research Facility. Houston, TX: University<strong>of</strong> Houston, August 1998.6-2
Cooperative Research Centres <strong>for</strong> Waste Management <strong>and</strong> Pollution Control Limited (1999). “Photo-Oxidation <strong>and</strong> <strong>Removal</strong> or <strong>Arsenic</strong> from Acid Mine <strong>Water</strong>: A Pilot Demonstration <strong>of</strong> CRCProcess in Montana, USA,” CRC <strong>for</strong> Waste Management <strong>and</strong> Pollution Control Ltd.,Kensington, NSW 2033, Australia.Culp/Wesner/Culp (1979). Estimating <strong>Water</strong> Treatment <strong>Costs</strong>, Volume 2: Cost Curves Applicable to1 to 200 mgd Treatment Plants, CWC Engineering, San Clemente, Cali<strong>for</strong>nia.Culp/Wesner/Culp (1984). Estimation <strong>of</strong> Small System <strong>Water</strong> Treatment <strong>Costs</strong>, CWC EngineeringS<strong>of</strong>tware (<strong>for</strong> USEPA), San Clemente, Cali<strong>for</strong>nia.Culp/Wesner/Culp (1994). WATERCO$T Model - A Computer Program <strong>for</strong> Estimating <strong>Water</strong> <strong>and</strong>Wastewater Treatment <strong>Costs</strong> (Version 2.0), CWC Engineering S<strong>of</strong>tware, San Clemente,Cali<strong>for</strong>nia.Davis, M.K., K.D. Reich <strong>and</strong> M.W. Tikkanen (1994). “Nationwide <strong>and</strong> Cali<strong>for</strong>nia <strong>Arsenic</strong>Occurrence Studies,” Published in <strong>Arsenic</strong> Exposure <strong>and</strong> Health, Chapman <strong>and</strong> HallPublishing Company, pp. 31-40.DPRA, Inc. (1993a). Small <strong>Water</strong> System Byproducts Treatment <strong>and</strong> Disposal Cost Document,Prepared <strong>for</strong> USEPA Office <strong>of</strong> Ground <strong>Water</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Drinking</strong> <strong>Water</strong>.DPRA, Inc. (1993b). <strong>Water</strong> System Byproducts Treatment <strong>and</strong> Disposal Cost Document, Prepared <strong>for</strong>USEPA Office <strong>of</strong> Ground <strong>Water</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Drinking</strong> <strong>Water</strong>.Driehaus, W., M. Jekel <strong>and</strong> U. Hildebr<strong>and</strong>t (1998). “Granular Ferric Hydroxide - A New Adsorbent<strong>for</strong> the <strong>Removal</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Arsenic</strong> from Natural <strong>Water</strong>,” J. <strong>Water</strong> SRT - Aqua, 47:1:30-35.Edwards, M.A. (1994). “Chemistry <strong>of</strong> <strong>Arsenic</strong> <strong>Removal</strong> During Coagulation <strong>and</strong> Fe-Mn Oxidation,”J. AWWA, September 1994, pp. 64-77.Edwards, M., S. Patel, L. McNeill, H. Chen, M. Frey, A.D. Eaton, C.R. Antweiler <strong>and</strong> E. Taylor II(1998). “Considerations in <strong>Arsenic</strong> Analysis <strong>and</strong> Speciation,” J. AWWA, 90:3:103.Elson, C.M., D.H. Davies, <strong>and</strong> E.R. Hayes (1980). “<strong>Removal</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Arsenic</strong> from Contaminated <strong>Drinking</strong><strong>Water</strong> by Chitosan/Chitin Mixture,” <strong>Water</strong> Research, 14:1307.EPA (1989). SAB Review <strong>of</strong> <strong>Arsenic</strong> Issues Relating to the Phase II <strong>of</strong> Proposed Regulations fromthe ODW, EPA SAB-EHC-89-038.EPA (1992). Review <strong>of</strong> ORD’s <strong>Arsenic</strong> Research Recommendations, EPA SAB-DWC-92-018.EPA (1994). Review <strong>of</strong> the Draft <strong>Drinking</strong> <strong>Water</strong> Criteria Document on Inorganic <strong>Arsenic</strong>, EPA SAB-DWC-94-004.EPA (1995). An SAB Report: Review <strong>of</strong> Issues Related to the Regulation <strong>of</strong> <strong>Arsenic</strong> in <strong>Drinking</strong><strong>Water</strong>, EPA SAB-DWC-95-015.6-3
- Page 1:
United StatesEnvironmental Protecti
- Page 5:
ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThis document was pr
- Page 8 and 9:
2.5.7 Reverse Osmosis .............
- Page 10 and 11:
5.0 POINT-OF-ENTRY/POINT-OF-USE TRE
- Page 12 and 13:
LIST OF FIGURES2-1 Pressure Driven
- Page 14 and 15:
LIST OF ACRONYMSAAAWWAAWWARFBLSBVC/
- Page 16 and 17:
POUpoint-of-useppbparts per billion
- Page 18 and 19:
# Alternative treatment processes s
- Page 20 and 21:
This page was intentionally left bl
- Page 23 and 24:
ends up as ferric hydroxide. In alu
- Page 25 and 26:
Optimization Hierarchy for Coagulat
- Page 27 and 28:
Substantial arsenic removal has bee
- Page 29 and 30:
Vickers et al. (1997) reported that
- Page 31 and 32:
was reduced to 0.05 mg/L when the i
- Page 33 and 34:
Field StudiesSurveys of lime soften
- Page 35 and 36:
Effect of pHpH may have significant
- Page 37 and 38:
RegenerationRegeneration of AA beds
- Page 39 and 40:
een developed provide important inf
- Page 41 and 42:
applicability of IX at a particular
- Page 43 and 44:
TABLE 2-1Typical IX Resins for Arse
- Page 45 and 46:
solution strength. Arsenic elutes r
- Page 47 and 48:
2.4.12 Typical Design ParametersThr
- Page 49 and 50:
2.5.2 Important Factors for Membran
- Page 51 and 52:
arsenic size distribution to correl
- Page 53 and 54:
AWWARF (1998) also performed UF pil
- Page 55 and 56:
presumably due to changes in electr
- Page 57 and 58:
RO performance is adversely affecte
- Page 59 and 60:
TABLE 2-10Arsenic Removal with RO a
- Page 61 and 62:
eversal is the decreased potential
- Page 63 and 64:
2.6 ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES2.6.1 I
- Page 65 and 66:
20 mg As per gram of iron was remov
- Page 67 and 68:
The most significant weakness of th
- Page 69 and 70:
3.0 TECHNOLOGY COSTS3.1 INTRODUCTIO
- Page 71 and 72:
included in the estimates presented
- Page 73 and 74:
Table 3-3Water Model Capital Cost B
- Page 75 and 76:
3.2.3 Implementing TDP Recommended
- Page 77 and 78:
sources. The September 1998 index v
- Page 79 and 80:
Amortization, or capital recovery,
- Page 81 and 82:
3.3 ADDITIONAL CAPITAL COSTSThe cos
- Page 83 and 84:
PilotingThe Technology Design Panel
- Page 85 and 86:
The 1993 Technology and Cost Docume
- Page 87 and 88:
cause disinfection by-product (DBP)
- Page 89 and 90:
Figure 3-1Pre-oxidation - 1.5 mg/L
- Page 91 and 92:
3.6 PRECIPITATIVE PROCESSES3.6.1 Co
- Page 93 and 94:
enhanced coagulation treatment plan
- Page 95 and 96:
Figure 3-4Enhanced Coagulation/Filt
- Page 97 and 98:
Small Systems (Less than 1 mgd)The
- Page 99 and 100:
Figure 3-6Coagulation Assisted Micr
- Page 101 and 102:
3.6.6 Enhanced Lime SofteningEnhanc
- Page 103 and 104:
Figure 3-8Enhanced Lime SofteningO&
- Page 105 and 106:
3. Empty Bed Contact Time (EBCT) is
- Page 107 and 108:
For design flows greater than 1 mgd
- Page 109 and 110:
Figure 3-9Activated AluminaCapital
- Page 111 and 112:
Figure 3-11Activated Alumina (pH 8
- Page 113 and 114:
Figure 3-13Activated Alumina (pH Ad
- Page 115 and 116:
3.7.2 Granular Ferric HydroxideGran
- Page 117 and 118:
6. The capital costs include a redu
- Page 119 and 120:
Figure 3-15Bed Volumes to Arsenic B
- Page 121 and 122:
Figure 3-17Anion Exchange (< 20 mg/
- Page 123 and 124:
Figure 3-19Anion Exchange (20-50 mg
- Page 125 and 126:
quality feed stream and often requi
- Page 127 and 128:
Figure 3-20Greensand FiltrationCapi
- Page 129 and 130:
3.11 COMPARISON OF COSTSThe April 1
- Page 131 and 132: 4.0 RESIDUALS HANDLING AND DISPOSAL
- Page 133 and 134: mechanical dewatering processes. Wh
- Page 135 and 136: Storage lagoons are best suited for
- Page 137 and 138: the current Industrial Pretreatment
- Page 139 and 140: 4.3.3 Dewatered Sludge Land Applica
- Page 141 and 142: usually determined by the Paint Fil
- Page 143 and 144: for arsenic toxicity by a substanti
- Page 145 and 146: The solids content of the backwash
- Page 147 and 148: carbonate hardness removal produces
- Page 149 and 150: Domestic sewage means untreated san
- Page 151 and 152: 4.4.10 Reverse OsmosisReverse osmos
- Page 153 and 154: Figure 4-1Anion Exchange (< 20 mg/L
- Page 155 and 156: Figure 4-3Anion Exchange (20-50 mg/
- Page 157 and 158: Figure 4-5Coagulation Assisted Micr
- Page 159 and 160: Figure 4-7Coagulation Assisted Micr
- Page 161 and 162: Figure 4-9Activated Alumina (pH 7 -
- Page 163 and 164: Figure 4-11Activated Alumina (pH Ad
- Page 165 and 166: Figure 4-13Greensand FiltrationWast
- Page 167 and 168: 5.0 POINT-OF-ENTRY/POINT-OF-USE TRE
- Page 169 and 170: chromatographic peaking, which occu
- Page 171 and 172: 5.3.1 Case Study 1: Fairbanks, Alas
- Page 173 and 174: Manufacturer and laboratory data su
- Page 175 and 176: Figure 5-2POU Reverse OsmosisO&M Co
- Page 177 and 178: # Installation time - 1 hour unskil
- Page 179 and 180: Figure 5-3POU Activated AluminaTota
- Page 181: 6.0 REFERENCESAmy, G.L. and P. Bran
- Page 185 and 186: Fuller, C.C., J.A. Davis, G.W. Zell
- Page 187 and 188: Le, X.C., and M. Ma (1998). “Dete
- Page 189 and 190: Scott, K., J. Green, H.D. Do and S.
- Page 191: Appendix AVery Small Systems Capita
- Page 194 and 195: Table A4 - VSS Document Capital Cos
- Page 197 and 198: Table B1.1 - Base Costs Obtained fr
- Page 199 and 200: Table B3.1 - Base Costs Obtained fr
- Page 201 and 202: Table B5.1 - Base Costs Obtained fr
- Page 203 and 204: Table B7.1 - Base Costs Obtained fr
- Page 205 and 206: Table B9.1 - Base Costs Obtained fr
- Page 207 and 208: Table B11.1 - Base Costs Obtained f
- Page 209 and 210: Table B13.1 - Base Costs Obtained f
- Page 211: Appendix CW/W Cost Model Capital Co
- Page 214 and 215: Table C2.1 - Base Costs Obtained fr
- Page 216 and 217: Table C4.1 - Base Costs Obtained fr
- Page 218 and 219: Table C6.1 - Base Costs Obtained fr
- Page 220 and 221: Table C8.1 - Base Costs Obtained fr
- Page 222 and 223: Table C10.1 - Base Costs Obtained f
- Page 224 and 225: Table C12.1 - Base Costs Obtained f
- Page 226 and 227: Table C14.1 - Base Costs Obtained f
- Page 228 and 229: Table C16.1 - Base Costs Obtained f
- Page 230 and 231: Table C18.1 - Base Costs Obtained f
- Page 232 and 233:
Table C20.1 - Base Costs Obtained f
- Page 234 and 235:
Table C22.1 - Base Costs Obtained f
- Page 236 and 237:
Table C24.1 - Base Costs Obtained f
- Page 238 and 239:
Table C26.1 - Base Costs Obtained f
- Page 240 and 241:
This page was intentionally left bl
- Page 243 and 244:
APPENDIX D: BASIS FOR REVISED ACTIV
- Page 245 and 246:
Company case study is 18 minutes (2
- Page 247 and 248:
egressed against their respective v
- Page 249 and 250:
costs for small systems is as follo
- Page 251 and 252:
were based on $40/sq ft). The proce
- Page 253 and 254:
Basis. Capital cost components incl
- Page 255 and 256:
The source water at Plant D has the
- Page 257 and 258:
equation y = (2*10 -8 )x 2 + 0.0002
- Page 259 and 260:
The maximum run length is 18,500 be
- Page 261 and 262:
Since the available arsenic capacit
- Page 263 and 264:
If the first column can be operated
- Page 265 and 266:
which includes lighting, ventilatio
- Page 267 and 268:
disposal costs, if needed, are cove
- Page 269:
Appendix EBasis for Revised Anion E
- Page 272 and 273:
2. The estimated cost of the anion
- Page 274 and 275:
9. The capital costs have been esti
- Page 276 and 277:
Thus, the cost of a road and fence
- Page 278 and 279:
length when sulfate is at or below
- Page 280 and 281:
the labor rates for both large and
- Page 282 and 283:
2. US EPA. Technologies and Costs f
- Page 284:
This page was intentionally left bl