Technologies and Costs for Removal of Arsenic From Drinking Water

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Thus, the cost of a road and fence was calculated and 43% of that total was included in the unitcost for activated alumina for systems serving between 25 and 100 people.]11. The equation for process area, which is the key variable in estimating the costs for buildings,roads, and fences has been based on the design flow of the system. The equation used forprocess area is:Process Area = 118.7 * Design Flow + 118Basis. The basis for the cost equations for buildings, fence and road are described in Section4.0 of the Very Small Systems Document (10). The Very Small Systems Document providedcosts as a percentage of the capital costs for design flows from 0.024 to 0.65 mgd. Theprocess area was calculated from the building cost estimates by dividing by 40 (building costswere based on $40/sq ft). The process areas for the design flows in the Very Small SystemsDocument were regressed and found to best fit a linear regression:Process Area (sq ft) = 118.7 * Design Flow + 118The process area for the conceptual designs in the Water Model (3) were also regressed andfitted to a linear regression. The conceptual designs covered resin volumes from 4 to 520cubic feet. The linear regression from this source is:Process Area (sq ft) = 171.8 * Design Flow + 103The process area estimates using the Very Small Systems Document equation were selectedto make cost estimates for buildings, road and fence. The process area estimates using thisequation were consistently higher than the Water Model estimates over the entire range ofdesign flows under consideration. Since there would be a minimum building size,extrapolating a linear regression below the lowest data point does not create a significantproblem with the intercept.E-6
12. The building cost to house the activated alumina system is $45.38/sq ft for design flows at orbelow 0.65 mgd. The following equation is used for design flows between 0.65 and 1 mgd:Building cost = 54.204 * Process Area + 14887For design flows greater than 1 mgd, the building cost varied based on flow from $100 to $90per square foot.Basis. The data from both the Very Small Systems Document and the Water Model wereexamined to develop housing costs for the anion exchange system. The housing rate listed inthe Very Small Systems Document was $40/sq ft (10). This rate includes the following: basicstorage building, foundation, electrical wiring, HVAC, and plumbing. The rate is for a prefabricatedbuilding installed on a concrete slab. The rate is based on data from pre-fabricatedbuilding manufacturers and the 1993 Means Building Construction Cost Data for storagebuildings multiplied by a conversion factor for small-sized buildings. The housing costs inthe Water Model for activated alumina were used because it was easier to link to design flowand for consistency purposes with activated alumina costs (3). The costs in the Water Modelwere developed in 1983. The ENR Building Cost Index was used to update both sets of coststo September 1998. The housing rate from the Very Small Systems Document was selectedbased on better documentation and the use of more recent data for design flows up to 0.65mgd. For design flows between 0.65 and 1 mgd, a linear regression of activated aluminahousing cost against process area was used to derive the equation listed above. For designflows greater than1 mgd, the building cost rate assumptions were the same as those used forthe case studies in the AwwaRF Report for activated alumina (4).E.2.2Operation and Maintenance CostsThere are major components to the operation and maintenance (O&M) costs are regenerationfrequency, regeneration dose, and incremental labor.13. The critical variable in calculating the regeneration frequency is the run length - the numberof bed volumes until the effluent concentration exceeds a specific concentration. The runE-7
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United StatesEnvironmental Protecti
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThis document was pr
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2.5.7 Reverse Osmosis .............
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5.0 POINT-OF-ENTRY/POINT-OF-USE TRE
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LIST OF FIGURES2-1 Pressure Driven
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LIST OF ACRONYMSAAAWWAAWWARFBLSBVC/
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POUpoint-of-useppbparts per billion
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# Alternative treatment processes s
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ends up as ferric hydroxide. In alu
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Optimization Hierarchy for Coagulat
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Substantial arsenic removal has bee
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Vickers et al. (1997) reported that
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was reduced to 0.05 mg/L when the i
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Field StudiesSurveys of lime soften
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Effect of pHpH may have significant
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RegenerationRegeneration of AA beds
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een developed provide important inf
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applicability of IX at a particular
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TABLE 2-1Typical IX Resins for Arse
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solution strength. Arsenic elutes r
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2.4.12 Typical Design ParametersThr
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2.5.2 Important Factors for Membran
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arsenic size distribution to correl
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AWWARF (1998) also performed UF pil
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presumably due to changes in electr
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RO performance is adversely affecte
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TABLE 2-10Arsenic Removal with RO a
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eversal is the decreased potential
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2.6 ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES2.6.1 I
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20 mg As per gram of iron was remov
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The most significant weakness of th
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3.0 TECHNOLOGY COSTS3.1 INTRODUCTIO
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included in the estimates presented
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Table 3-3Water Model Capital Cost B
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3.2.3 Implementing TDP Recommended
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sources. The September 1998 index v
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Amortization, or capital recovery,
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3.3 ADDITIONAL CAPITAL COSTSThe cos
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PilotingThe Technology Design Panel
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The 1993 Technology and Cost Docume
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cause disinfection by-product (DBP)
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Figure 3-1Pre-oxidation - 1.5 mg/L
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3.6 PRECIPITATIVE PROCESSES3.6.1 Co
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enhanced coagulation treatment plan
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Figure 3-4Enhanced Coagulation/Filt
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Small Systems (Less than 1 mgd)The
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Figure 3-6Coagulation Assisted Micr
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3.6.6 Enhanced Lime SofteningEnhanc
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Figure 3-8Enhanced Lime SofteningO&
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3. Empty Bed Contact Time (EBCT) is
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For design flows greater than 1 mgd
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Figure 3-9Activated AluminaCapital
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Figure 3-11Activated Alumina (pH 8
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Figure 3-13Activated Alumina (pH Ad
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3.7.2 Granular Ferric HydroxideGran
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6. The capital costs include a redu
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Figure 3-15Bed Volumes to Arsenic B
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Figure 3-17Anion Exchange (< 20 mg/
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Figure 3-19Anion Exchange (20-50 mg
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quality feed stream and often requi
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Figure 3-20Greensand FiltrationCapi
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3.11 COMPARISON OF COSTSThe April 1
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4.0 RESIDUALS HANDLING AND DISPOSAL
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mechanical dewatering processes. Wh
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Storage lagoons are best suited for
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the current Industrial Pretreatment
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4.3.3 Dewatered Sludge Land Applica
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usually determined by the Paint Fil
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for arsenic toxicity by a substanti
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The solids content of the backwash
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carbonate hardness removal produces
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Domestic sewage means untreated san
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4.4.10 Reverse OsmosisReverse osmos
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Figure 4-1Anion Exchange (< 20 mg/L
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Figure 4-3Anion Exchange (20-50 mg/
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Figure 4-9Activated Alumina (pH 7 -
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Figure 4-11Activated Alumina (pH Ad
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Figure 4-13Greensand FiltrationWast
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5.0 POINT-OF-ENTRY/POINT-OF-USE TRE
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chromatographic peaking, which occu
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5.3.1 Case Study 1: Fairbanks, Alas
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Manufacturer and laboratory data su
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Figure 5-2POU Reverse OsmosisO&M Co
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# Installation time - 1 hour unskil
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Figure 5-3POU Activated AluminaTota
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6.0 REFERENCESAmy, G.L. and P. Bran
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Cooperative Research Centres for Wa
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Fuller, C.C., J.A. Davis, G.W. Zell
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Le, X.C., and M. Ma (1998). “Dete
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Scott, K., J. Green, H.D. Do and S.
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Appendix AVery Small Systems Capita
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Table A4 - VSS Document Capital Cos
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Table B1.1 - Base Costs Obtained fr
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Table B11.1 - Base Costs Obtained f
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Table B13.1 - Base Costs Obtained f
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Appendix CW/W Cost Model Capital Co
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Table C2.1 - Base Costs Obtained fr
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Table C10.1 - Base Costs Obtained f
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Table C12.1 - Base Costs Obtained f
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Page 243 and 244: APPENDIX D: BASIS FOR REVISED ACTIV
Page 245 and 246: Company case study is 18 minutes (2
Page 247 and 248: egressed against their respective v
Page 249 and 250: costs for small systems is as follo
Page 251 and 252: were based on $40/sq ft). The proce
Page 253 and 254: Basis. Capital cost components incl
Page 255 and 256: The source water at Plant D has the
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Page 261 and 262: Since the available arsenic capacit
Page 263 and 264: If the first column can be operated
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Page 272 and 273: 2. The estimated cost of the anion
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