Technologies and Costs for Removal of Arsenic From Drinking Water

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2.5.7 Reverse Osmosis ......................................... 2-362.5.8 Electrodialysis Reversal ................................... 2-402.6 Alternative Technologies ......................................... 2-432.6.1 Iron Oxide Coated Sand .................................... 2-432.6.2 Sulfur-Modified Iron ...................................... 2-442.6.3 Granular Ferric Hydroxide .................................. 2-452.6.4 Iron Filings .............................................. 2-472.6.5 Photo-Oxidation .......................................... 2-483.0 TECHNOLOGY COSTS ................................................ 3-13.1 Introduction ..................................................... 3-13.2 Basis for Cost Estimates ........................................... 3-13.2.1 Cost Modeling ............................................ 3-13.2.2 Technology Design Panel Recommendations ..................... 3-23.2.3 Implementing TDP Recommended Costing Upgrades ............... 3-73.2.3.1 VSS Model ........................................ 3-73.2.3.2 Water Model ....................................... 3-83.2.3.3 W/W Cost Model .................................... 3-83.2.4 Cost Indices and Unit Costs .................................. 3-83.2.5 Re-Basing Bureau of Labor Statistics Cost Indices ............... 3-113.2.6 Flows Used in the Development of Costs ....................... 3-123.3 Additional Capital Costs ......................................... 3-133.4 Costs for Multiple Removal Percantages ............................. 3-163.4.1 Removal and Accessory Costs ............................... 3-163.4.2 Use of Blending in Cost Estimates ............................ 3-183.5 Pre-Oxidation Processes ......................................... 3-183.5.1 Potassium Permanganate .................................... 3-193.5.2 Chlorination ............................................. 3-203.6 Precipitative Processes .......................................... 3-233.6.1 Coagulation/Filtration ...................................... 3-233.6.2 Enhanced Coagulation ..................................... 3-243.6.3 Direct Filtration .......................................... 3-283.6.4 Coagulation Assisted Microfiltration .......................... 3-283.6.5 Lime Softening ........................................... 3-323.6.6 Enhanced Lime Softening ................................... 3-333.7 Adsorption Processes ............................................ 3-363.7.1 Activated Alumina ........................................ 3-363.7.2 Granular Ferric Hydroxide .................................. 3-473.8 Ion Exchange Processes .......................................... 3-473.8.1 Anion Exchange .......................................... 3-47ii
3.9 Separation Processes ............................................ 3-563.9.1 Microfiltration ........................................... 3-563.9.2 Ultrafiltration ............................................ 3-563.9.3 Nanofiltration ............................................ 3-563.9.4 Reverse Osmosis ......................................... 3-563.10 Greensand Filtration ............................................. 3-573.11 Comparison of Costs ............................................ 3-614.0 RESIDUALS HANDLING AND DISPOSAL ALTERNATIVES ............... 4-14.1 Introduction ..................................................... 4-14.1.1 Factors Affecting Residuals Handling and Disposal Costs ........... 4-14.1.2 Methods for Estimating Residuals Handling and Disposal Costs ...... 4-24.2 Residuals Handling Options ........................................ 4-24.2.1 Gravity Thickening ......................................... 4-24.2.2 Mechanical Dewatering ..................................... 4-34.2.3 Evaporation Ponds and Drying Beds ........................... 4-34.2.4 Storage Lagoons ........................................... 4-44.3 Disposal Alternatives ............................................. 4-54.3.1 Direct Discharge ........................................... 4-54.3.2 Indirect Discharge ......................................... 4-64.3.3 Dewatered Sludge Land Application ........................... 4-94.3.4 Sanitary Landfill Disposal ................................... 4-94.3.5 Hazardous Waste Landfill Disposal ........................... 4-104.4 Residuals Characteristics ......................................... 4-114.4.1 Coagulation/Filtration ...................................... 4-114.4.2 Enhanced Coagulation ..................................... 4-134.4.3 Direct Filtration .......................................... 4-144.4.4 Coagulation Assisted Microfiltration .......................... 4-144.4.5 Lime Softening ........................................... 4-154.4.6 Enhanced Lime Softening ................................... 4-164.4.7 Ion Exchange ............................................. 4-184.4.8 Activated Alumina ........................................ 4-194.4.9 Nanofiltration ............................................ 4-204.4.10 Reverse Osmosis ......................................... 4-214.5 Residuals Handling and Disposal Costs .............................. 4-22iii
Page 1: United StatesEnvironmental Protecti
Page 5: ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThis document was pr
Page 10 and 11: 5.0 POINT-OF-ENTRY/POINT-OF-USE TRE
Page 12 and 13: LIST OF FIGURES2-1 Pressure Driven
Page 14 and 15: LIST OF ACRONYMSAAAWWAAWWARFBLSBVC/
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Page 18 and 19: # Alternative treatment processes s
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Page 23 and 24: ends up as ferric hydroxide. In alu
Page 25 and 26: Optimization Hierarchy for Coagulat
Page 27 and 28: Substantial arsenic removal has bee
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Page 33 and 34: Field StudiesSurveys of lime soften
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Page 43 and 44: TABLE 2-1Typical IX Resins for Arse
Page 45 and 46: solution strength. Arsenic elutes r
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TABLE 2-10Arsenic Removal with RO a
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eversal is the decreased potential
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2.6 ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES2.6.1 I
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20 mg As per gram of iron was remov
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The most significant weakness of th
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3.0 TECHNOLOGY COSTS3.1 INTRODUCTIO
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included in the estimates presented
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Table 3-3Water Model Capital Cost B
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3.2.3 Implementing TDP Recommended
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sources. The September 1998 index v
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Amortization, or capital recovery,
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3.3 ADDITIONAL CAPITAL COSTSThe cos
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PilotingThe Technology Design Panel
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The 1993 Technology and Cost Docume
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cause disinfection by-product (DBP)
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Figure 3-1Pre-oxidation - 1.5 mg/L
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3.6 PRECIPITATIVE PROCESSES3.6.1 Co
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enhanced coagulation treatment plan
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Figure 3-4Enhanced Coagulation/Filt
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Small Systems (Less than 1 mgd)The
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Figure 3-6Coagulation Assisted Micr
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3.6.6 Enhanced Lime SofteningEnhanc
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Figure 3-8Enhanced Lime SofteningO&
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3. Empty Bed Contact Time (EBCT) is
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For design flows greater than 1 mgd
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Figure 3-9Activated AluminaCapital
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Figure 3-11Activated Alumina (pH 8
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Figure 3-13Activated Alumina (pH Ad
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3.7.2 Granular Ferric HydroxideGran
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6. The capital costs include a redu
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Figure 3-15Bed Volumes to Arsenic B
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Figure 3-17Anion Exchange (< 20 mg/
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Figure 3-19Anion Exchange (20-50 mg
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quality feed stream and often requi
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Figure 3-20Greensand FiltrationCapi
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3.11 COMPARISON OF COSTSThe April 1
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4.0 RESIDUALS HANDLING AND DISPOSAL
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mechanical dewatering processes. Wh
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Storage lagoons are best suited for
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the current Industrial Pretreatment
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4.3.3 Dewatered Sludge Land Applica
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usually determined by the Paint Fil
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for arsenic toxicity by a substanti
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The solids content of the backwash
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carbonate hardness removal produces
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Domestic sewage means untreated san
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4.4.10 Reverse OsmosisReverse osmos
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Figure 4-1Anion Exchange (< 20 mg/L
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Figure 4-3Anion Exchange (20-50 mg/
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Figure 4-9Activated Alumina (pH 7 -
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Figure 4-11Activated Alumina (pH Ad
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Figure 4-13Greensand FiltrationWast
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5.0 POINT-OF-ENTRY/POINT-OF-USE TRE
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chromatographic peaking, which occu
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5.3.1 Case Study 1: Fairbanks, Alas
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Manufacturer and laboratory data su
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Figure 5-2POU Reverse OsmosisO&M Co
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# Installation time - 1 hour unskil
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Figure 5-3POU Activated AluminaTota
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6.0 REFERENCESAmy, G.L. and P. Bran
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Cooperative Research Centres for Wa
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Fuller, C.C., J.A. Davis, G.W. Zell
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Le, X.C., and M. Ma (1998). “Dete
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Scott, K., J. Green, H.D. Do and S.
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Appendix AVery Small Systems Capita
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Table A4 - VSS Document Capital Cos
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Table B1.1 - Base Costs Obtained fr
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Table B11.1 - Base Costs Obtained f
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Table B13.1 - Base Costs Obtained f
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Appendix CW/W Cost Model Capital Co
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Table C2.1 - Base Costs Obtained fr
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Table C10.1 - Base Costs Obtained f
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APPENDIX D: BASIS FOR REVISED ACTIV
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Company case study is 18 minutes (2
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egressed against their respective v
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costs for small systems is as follo
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were based on $40/sq ft). The proce
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Basis. Capital cost components incl
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The source water at Plant D has the
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equation y = (2*10 -8 )x 2 + 0.0002
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The maximum run length is 18,500 be
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Since the available arsenic capacit
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If the first column can be operated
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which includes lighting, ventilatio
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disposal costs, if needed, are cove
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Appendix EBasis for Revised Anion E
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2. The estimated cost of the anion
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9. The capital costs have been esti
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Thus, the cost of a road and fence
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length when sulfate is at or below
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the labor rates for both large and
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2. US EPA. Technologies and Costs f
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Technologies and Costs for Removal of Arsenic From Drinking Water

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