Technologies and Costs for Removal of Arsenic From Drinking Water

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Table C8.1 - Base Costs Obtained from the WATERCO$T Model for Ferric Chloride Feed Systems*Cost ComponentFeed Capacity (lb/hr)Capital Cost10.7 107 1,070 5,350 CategoryManufactured Equipment $7,500 $13,100 $33,560 $160,940 pLabor $420 $1,130 $2,430 $12,160 cPipes and Valves $2,000 $2,500 $3,000 $15,000 pElectrical $1,110 $2,260 $4,960 $19,000 pHousing $6,000 $13,300 $51,270 $174,590 pContingencies $2,550 $4,840 $14,280 $57,250 cTotal $19,580 $37,130 $109,500 $438,940*Numbers were unavailable for ferric chloride. However, numbers presented for ferrous sulfate and ferricsulfate were identical.It was assumed that these same relationships apply to ferric chlorideTable C8.2 - WATERCO$T Model Base Construction Cost Analysis for Ferric Chloride Feed Systems*Cost ComponentFeed Capacity (lb/hr)Average10.7 107 1,070 5,350 PercentManufactured Equipment 38.30% 35.28% 30.65% 36.67% 35.22%Labor 2.15% 3.04% 2.22% 2.77% 2.54%Pipes and Valves 10.21% 6.73% 2.74% 3.42% 5.78%Electrical 5.67% 6.09% 4.53% 4.33% 5.15%Housing 30.64% 35.82% 46.82% 39.78% 38.27%Contingencies 13.02% 13.04% 13.04% 13.04% 13.04%Total 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%*Numbers were unavailable for ferric chloride. However, numbers presented for ferrous sulfate and ferricsulfate were identical.It was assumed that these same relationships apply to ferric chlorideInternational Consultants, Inc.Contract 68-C6-0039 C-8February 1999W/W Cost Model Capital Cost Breakdown
Table C9.1 - Base Costs Obtained from the WATERCO$T Model for Finished Water PumpingCost ComponentPlant Capacity (mgd)Capital Cost1.5 15 150 300 CategoryManufactured Equipment $15,410 $89,700 $567,600 $1,142,350 pLabor $3,880 $11,580 $80,400 $158,840 cPipes and Valves $5,200 $16,570 $139,200 $270,100 pElectrical $7,180 $38,450 $210,490 $400,230 pContingencies $4,750 $23,450 $149,650 $295,730 cTotal $36,420 $179,750 $1,147,340 $2,267,250Table C9.2 - WATERCO$T Model Base Construction Cost Analysis for Finished Water PumpingCost ComponentPlant Capacity (mgd)Average1.5 15 150 300 PercentManufactured Equipment 42.31% 49.90% 49.47% 50.38% 48.02%Labor 10.65% 6.44% 7.01% 7.01% 7.78%Pipes and Valves 14.28% 9.22% 12.13% 11.91% 11.89%Electrical 19.71% 21.39% 18.35% 17.65% 19.28%Contingencies 13.04% 13.05% 13.04% 13.04% 13.04%Total 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%International Consultants, Inc.Contract 68-C6-0039 C-9February 1999W/W Cost Model Capital Cost Breakdown
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United StatesEnvironmental Protecti
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThis document was pr
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2.5.7 Reverse Osmosis .............
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5.0 POINT-OF-ENTRY/POINT-OF-USE TRE
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LIST OF FIGURES2-1 Pressure Driven
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LIST OF ACRONYMSAAAWWAAWWARFBLSBVC/
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POUpoint-of-useppbparts per billion
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# Alternative treatment processes s
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ends up as ferric hydroxide. In alu
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Optimization Hierarchy for Coagulat
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Substantial arsenic removal has bee
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Vickers et al. (1997) reported that
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was reduced to 0.05 mg/L when the i
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Field StudiesSurveys of lime soften
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Effect of pHpH may have significant
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RegenerationRegeneration of AA beds
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een developed provide important inf
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applicability of IX at a particular
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TABLE 2-1Typical IX Resins for Arse
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solution strength. Arsenic elutes r
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2.4.12 Typical Design ParametersThr
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2.5.2 Important Factors for Membran
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arsenic size distribution to correl
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AWWARF (1998) also performed UF pil
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presumably due to changes in electr
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RO performance is adversely affecte
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TABLE 2-10Arsenic Removal with RO a
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eversal is the decreased potential
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2.6 ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES2.6.1 I
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20 mg As per gram of iron was remov
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The most significant weakness of th
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3.0 TECHNOLOGY COSTS3.1 INTRODUCTIO
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included in the estimates presented
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Table 3-3Water Model Capital Cost B
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3.2.3 Implementing TDP Recommended
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sources. The September 1998 index v
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Amortization, or capital recovery,
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3.3 ADDITIONAL CAPITAL COSTSThe cos
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PilotingThe Technology Design Panel
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The 1993 Technology and Cost Docume
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cause disinfection by-product (DBP)
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Figure 3-1Pre-oxidation - 1.5 mg/L
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3.6 PRECIPITATIVE PROCESSES3.6.1 Co
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enhanced coagulation treatment plan
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Figure 3-4Enhanced Coagulation/Filt
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Small Systems (Less than 1 mgd)The
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Figure 3-6Coagulation Assisted Micr
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3.6.6 Enhanced Lime SofteningEnhanc
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Figure 3-8Enhanced Lime SofteningO&
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3. Empty Bed Contact Time (EBCT) is
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For design flows greater than 1 mgd
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Figure 3-9Activated AluminaCapital
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Figure 3-11Activated Alumina (pH 8
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Figure 3-13Activated Alumina (pH Ad
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3.7.2 Granular Ferric HydroxideGran
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6. The capital costs include a redu
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Figure 3-15Bed Volumes to Arsenic B
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Figure 3-17Anion Exchange (< 20 mg/
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Figure 3-19Anion Exchange (20-50 mg
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quality feed stream and often requi
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Figure 3-20Greensand FiltrationCapi
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3.11 COMPARISON OF COSTSThe April 1
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4.0 RESIDUALS HANDLING AND DISPOSAL
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mechanical dewatering processes. Wh
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Storage lagoons are best suited for
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the current Industrial Pretreatment
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4.3.3 Dewatered Sludge Land Applica
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usually determined by the Paint Fil
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for arsenic toxicity by a substanti
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The solids content of the backwash
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carbonate hardness removal produces
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Domestic sewage means untreated san
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4.4.10 Reverse OsmosisReverse osmos
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Figure 4-1Anion Exchange (< 20 mg/L
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Figure 4-3Anion Exchange (20-50 mg/
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Figure 4-9Activated Alumina (pH 7 -
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Figure 4-11Activated Alumina (pH Ad
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Figure 4-13Greensand FiltrationWast
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5.0 POINT-OF-ENTRY/POINT-OF-USE TRE
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Page 173 and 174: Manufacturer and laboratory data su
Page 175 and 176: Figure 5-2POU Reverse OsmosisO&M Co
Page 177 and 178: # Installation time - 1 hour unskil
Page 179 and 180: Figure 5-3POU Activated AluminaTota
Page 181 and 182: 6.0 REFERENCESAmy, G.L. and P. Bran
Page 183 and 184: Cooperative Research Centres for Wa
Page 185 and 186: Fuller, C.C., J.A. Davis, G.W. Zell
Page 187 and 188: Le, X.C., and M. Ma (1998). “Dete
Page 189 and 190: Scott, K., J. Green, H.D. Do and S.
Page 191: Appendix AVery Small Systems Capita
Page 194 and 195: Table A4 - VSS Document Capital Cos
Page 197 and 198: Table B1.1 - Base Costs Obtained fr
Page 207 and 208: Table B11.1 - Base Costs Obtained f
Page 209 and 210: Table B13.1 - Base Costs Obtained f
Page 211: Appendix CW/W Cost Model Capital Co
Page 214 and 215: Table C2.1 - Base Costs Obtained fr
Page 222 and 223: Table C10.1 - Base Costs Obtained f
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Page 243 and 244: APPENDIX D: BASIS FOR REVISED ACTIV
Page 245 and 246: Company case study is 18 minutes (2
Page 247 and 248: egressed against their respective v
Page 249 and 250: costs for small systems is as follo
Page 251 and 252: were based on $40/sq ft). The proce
Page 253 and 254: Basis. Capital cost components incl
Page 255 and 256: The source water at Plant D has the
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Page 259 and 260: The maximum run length is 18,500 be
Page 261 and 262: Since the available arsenic capacit
Page 263 and 264: If the first column can be operated
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Page 267 and 268: disposal costs, if needed, are cove
Page 269: Appendix EBasis for Revised Anion E
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2. The estimated cost of the anion
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9. The capital costs have been esti
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Thus, the cost of a road and fence
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length when sulfate is at or below
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the labor rates for both large and
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2. US EPA. Technologies and Costs f
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Technologies and Costs for Removal of Arsenic From Drinking Water

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