Technologies and Costs for Removal of Arsenic From Drinking Water

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Table C6.1 - Base Costs Obtained from the WATERCO$T Model for Circular ClarifiersCost ComponentSA=707D=30SA=1,590D=45Surface Area (SA=ft2) and Diameter (D=ft)SA=5,027 SA=10,387 SA=15,393D=80 D=115 D=140SA=22,698D=170SA=31,416D=200Excavation & Sitework $1,530 $2,430 $4,900 $7,860 $10,280 $13,520 $17,130 cManufactured Equipment $28,740 $34,410 $69,580 $97,180 $132,350 $189,060 $226,980 pConcrete $4,860 $7,710 $15,480 $24,800 $32,400 $42,560 $53,860 pSteel $14,160 $21,090 $67,240 $129,250 $188,720 $249,570 $335,140 pLabor $10,770 $16,180 $30,960 $46,980 $60,110 $77,640 $96,320 cPipes and Valves $8,090 $8,420 $11,540 $15,660 $21,590 $26,590 $42,520 pElectrical $5,940 $5,940 $7,560 $8,270 $10,870 $12,370 $13,060 pContingencies $11,110 $14,430 $31,090 $49,500 $68,450 $91,700 $117,750 cTotal $85,200 $110,610 $238,350 $379,500 $524,770 $703,010 $902,760Table C6.2 - WATERCO$T Model Base Construction Cost Analysis for Circular ClarifiersCost ComponentSA=707D=30SA=1,590D=45Surface Area (SA=ft2) and Diameter (D=ft)SA=5,027 SA=10,387 SA=15,393D=80 D=115 D=140SA=22,698D=170SA=31,416D=200Capital CostCategoryAveragePercentExcavation & Sitework 1.80% 2.20% 2.06% 2.07% 1.96% 1.92% 1.90% 1.99%Manufactured Equipment 33.73% 31.11% 29.19% 25.61% 25.22% 26.89% 25.14% 28.13%Concrete 5.70% 6.97% 6.49% 6.53% 6.17% 6.05% 5.97% 6.27%Steel 16.62% 19.07% 28.21% 34.06% 35.96% 35.50% 37.12% 29.51%Labor 12.64% 14.63% 12.99% 12.38% 11.45% 11.04% 10.67% 12.26%Pipes and Valves 9.50% 7.61% 4.84% 4.13% 4.11% 3.78% 4.71% 5.53%Electrical 6.97% 5.37% 3.17% 2.18% 2.07% 1.76% 1.45% 3.28%Contingencies 13.04% 13.05% 13.04% 13.04% 13.04% 13.04% 13.04% 13.04%Total 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%International Consultants, Inc.Contract 68-C6-0039 C-6February 1999W/W Cost Model Capital Cost Breakdown
Table C7.1 - Base Costs Obtained from the WATERCO$T Model for Clearwell StorageCost ComponentCapacity (gal)Capital Cost10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 1,000,000 7,500,000 CategoryExcavation & Sitework $140 $190 $410 $2,030 $19,440 $30,020 cConcrete $8,250 $14,430 $23,280 $66,330 $105,520 $622,500 pSteel $5,700 $9,240 $14,550 $32,670 $113,050 $350,700 pLabor $13,050 $21,480 $35,040 $84,090 $109,290 $394,160 pElectrical $1,270 $1,270 $6,010 $6,010 $9,800 $9,800 pContingencies $4,260 $6,990 $11,890 $28,670 $53,570 $211,080 cTotal $32,670 $53,600 $91,180 $219,800 $410,670 $1,618,260Table C7.2 - WATERCO$T Model Base Construction Cost Analysis for Clearwell StorageCost ComponentCapacity (gal)Average10,000 50,000 100,000 500,000 1,000,000 7,500,000 PercentExcavation & Sitework 0.43% 0.35% 0.45% 0.92% 4.73% 1.86% 1.46%Concrete 25.25% 26.92% 25.53% 30.18% 25.69% 38.47% 28.67%Steel 17.45% 17.24% 15.96% 14.86% 27.53% 21.67% 19.12%Labor 39.94% 40.07% 38.43% 38.26% 26.61% 24.36% 34.61%Electrical 3.89% 2.37% 6.59% 2.73% 2.39% 0.61% 3.10%Contingencies 13.04% 13.04% 13.04% 13.04% 13.04% 13.04% 13.04%Total 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%International Consultants, Inc.Contract 68-C6-0039 C-7February 1999W/W Cost Model Capital Cost Breakdown
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United StatesEnvironmental Protecti
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThis document was pr
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2.5.7 Reverse Osmosis .............
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5.0 POINT-OF-ENTRY/POINT-OF-USE TRE
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LIST OF FIGURES2-1 Pressure Driven
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LIST OF ACRONYMSAAAWWAAWWARFBLSBVC/
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POUpoint-of-useppbparts per billion
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# Alternative treatment processes s
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ends up as ferric hydroxide. In alu
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Optimization Hierarchy for Coagulat
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Substantial arsenic removal has bee
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Vickers et al. (1997) reported that
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was reduced to 0.05 mg/L when the i
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Field StudiesSurveys of lime soften
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Effect of pHpH may have significant
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RegenerationRegeneration of AA beds
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een developed provide important inf
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applicability of IX at a particular
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TABLE 2-1Typical IX Resins for Arse
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solution strength. Arsenic elutes r
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2.4.12 Typical Design ParametersThr
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2.5.2 Important Factors for Membran
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arsenic size distribution to correl
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AWWARF (1998) also performed UF pil
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presumably due to changes in electr
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RO performance is adversely affecte
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TABLE 2-10Arsenic Removal with RO a
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eversal is the decreased potential
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2.6 ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES2.6.1 I
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20 mg As per gram of iron was remov
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The most significant weakness of th
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3.0 TECHNOLOGY COSTS3.1 INTRODUCTIO
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included in the estimates presented
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Table 3-3Water Model Capital Cost B
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3.2.3 Implementing TDP Recommended
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sources. The September 1998 index v
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Amortization, or capital recovery,
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3.3 ADDITIONAL CAPITAL COSTSThe cos
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PilotingThe Technology Design Panel
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The 1993 Technology and Cost Docume
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cause disinfection by-product (DBP)
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Figure 3-1Pre-oxidation - 1.5 mg/L
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3.6 PRECIPITATIVE PROCESSES3.6.1 Co
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enhanced coagulation treatment plan
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Figure 3-4Enhanced Coagulation/Filt
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Small Systems (Less than 1 mgd)The
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Figure 3-6Coagulation Assisted Micr
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3.6.6 Enhanced Lime SofteningEnhanc
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Figure 3-8Enhanced Lime SofteningO&
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3. Empty Bed Contact Time (EBCT) is
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For design flows greater than 1 mgd
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Figure 3-9Activated AluminaCapital
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Figure 3-11Activated Alumina (pH 8
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Figure 3-13Activated Alumina (pH Ad
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3.7.2 Granular Ferric HydroxideGran
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6. The capital costs include a redu
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Figure 3-15Bed Volumes to Arsenic B
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Figure 3-17Anion Exchange (< 20 mg/
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Figure 3-19Anion Exchange (20-50 mg
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quality feed stream and often requi
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Figure 3-20Greensand FiltrationCapi
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3.11 COMPARISON OF COSTSThe April 1
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4.0 RESIDUALS HANDLING AND DISPOSAL
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mechanical dewatering processes. Wh
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Storage lagoons are best suited for
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the current Industrial Pretreatment
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4.3.3 Dewatered Sludge Land Applica
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usually determined by the Paint Fil
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for arsenic toxicity by a substanti
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The solids content of the backwash
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carbonate hardness removal produces
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Domestic sewage means untreated san
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4.4.10 Reverse OsmosisReverse osmos
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Figure 4-1Anion Exchange (< 20 mg/L
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Figure 4-3Anion Exchange (20-50 mg/
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Figure 4-9Activated Alumina (pH 7 -
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Figure 4-11Activated Alumina (pH Ad
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Figure 4-13Greensand FiltrationWast
Page 167 and 168: 5.0 POINT-OF-ENTRY/POINT-OF-USE TRE
Page 169 and 170: chromatographic peaking, which occu
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Page 173 and 174: Manufacturer and laboratory data su
Page 175 and 176: Figure 5-2POU Reverse OsmosisO&M Co
Page 177 and 178: # Installation time - 1 hour unskil
Page 179 and 180: Figure 5-3POU Activated AluminaTota
Page 181 and 182: 6.0 REFERENCESAmy, G.L. and P. Bran
Page 183 and 184: Cooperative Research Centres for Wa
Page 185 and 186: Fuller, C.C., J.A. Davis, G.W. Zell
Page 187 and 188: Le, X.C., and M. Ma (1998). “Dete
Page 189 and 190: Scott, K., J. Green, H.D. Do and S.
Page 191: Appendix AVery Small Systems Capita
Page 194 and 195: Table A4 - VSS Document Capital Cos
Page 197 and 198: Table B1.1 - Base Costs Obtained fr
Page 207 and 208: Table B11.1 - Base Costs Obtained f
Page 209 and 210: Table B13.1 - Base Costs Obtained f
Page 211: Appendix CW/W Cost Model Capital Co
Page 214 and 215: Table C2.1 - Base Costs Obtained fr
Page 222 and 223: Table C10.1 - Base Costs Obtained f
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Page 243 and 244: APPENDIX D: BASIS FOR REVISED ACTIV
Page 245 and 246: Company case study is 18 minutes (2
Page 247 and 248: egressed against their respective v
Page 249 and 250: costs for small systems is as follo
Page 251 and 252: were based on $40/sq ft). The proce
Page 253 and 254: Basis. Capital cost components incl
Page 255 and 256: The source water at Plant D has the
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Page 259 and 260: The maximum run length is 18,500 be
Page 261 and 262: Since the available arsenic capacit
Page 263 and 264: If the first column can be operated
Page 265 and 266: which includes lighting, ventilatio
Page 267 and 268: disposal costs, if needed, are cove
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Appendix EBasis for Revised Anion E
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2. The estimated cost of the anion
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9. The capital costs have been esti
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Thus, the cost of a road and fence
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length when sulfate is at or below
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the labor rates for both large and
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2. US EPA. Technologies and Costs f
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Technologies and Costs for Removal of Arsenic From Drinking Water

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