Technologies and Costs for Removal of Arsenic From Drinking Water

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Table C1.1 - Base Costs Obtained from the WATERCO$T Model for Activated AluminaCost ComponentPlant Capacity (mgd)0.7 2.0 6.8 27 54 135Manufactured Equipment $26,760 $44,580 $138,330 $522,210 $1,031,270 $2,564,560 pActivated Alumina $8,300 $14,770 $83,080 $332,310 $664,610 $1,661,530 pLabor $10,280 $13,490 $48,010 $192,020 $384,060 $1,282,370 cPipes and Valves $16,260 $19,320 $69,030 $273,210 $542,650 $1,368,060 pElectrical $10,050 $11,360 $22,300 $60,300 $119,030 $284,750 pHousing $6,960 $27,630 $62,120 $210,980 $374,840 $744,320 pContingencies $11,790 $19,670 $63,430 $238,650 $467,470 $1,185,840 cTotal $90,400 $150,820 $486,300 $1,829,680 $3,583,930 $9,091,430Table C1.2 - WATERCO$T Model Base Construction Cost Analysis for Activated AluminaCapital CostCategoryCost Component0.7 2.0Plant Capacity (mgd)Average6.8 27 54 135 PercentManufactured Equipment 29.60% 29.56% 28.45% 28.54% 28.77% 28.21% 28.86%Activated Alumina 9.18% 9.79% 17.08% 18.16% 18.54% 18.28% 15.17%Labor 11.37% 8.94% 9.87% 10.49% 10.72% 14.11% 10.92%Pipes and Valves 17.99% 12.81% 14.19% 14.93% 15.14% 15.05% 15.02%Electrical 11.12% 7.53% 4.59% 3.30% 3.32% 3.13% 5.50%Housing 7.70% 18.32% 12.77% 11.53% 10.46% 8.19% 11.49%Contingencies 13.04% 13.04% 13.04% 13.04% 13.04% 13.04% 13.04%Total 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%International Consultants, Inc.Contract 68-C6-0039 C-1February 1999W/W Cost Model Capital Cost Breakdown
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United StatesEnvironmental Protecti
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThis document was pr
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2.5.7 Reverse Osmosis .............
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5.0 POINT-OF-ENTRY/POINT-OF-USE TRE
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LIST OF FIGURES2-1 Pressure Driven
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LIST OF ACRONYMSAAAWWAAWWARFBLSBVC/
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POUpoint-of-useppbparts per billion
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# Alternative treatment processes s
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This page was intentionally left bl
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ends up as ferric hydroxide. In alu
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Optimization Hierarchy for Coagulat
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Substantial arsenic removal has bee
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Vickers et al. (1997) reported that
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was reduced to 0.05 mg/L when the i
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Field StudiesSurveys of lime soften
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Effect of pHpH may have significant
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RegenerationRegeneration of AA beds
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een developed provide important inf
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applicability of IX at a particular
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TABLE 2-1Typical IX Resins for Arse
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solution strength. Arsenic elutes r
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2.4.12 Typical Design ParametersThr
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2.5.2 Important Factors for Membran
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arsenic size distribution to correl
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AWWARF (1998) also performed UF pil
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presumably due to changes in electr
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RO performance is adversely affecte
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TABLE 2-10Arsenic Removal with RO a
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eversal is the decreased potential
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2.6 ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES2.6.1 I
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20 mg As per gram of iron was remov
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The most significant weakness of th
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3.0 TECHNOLOGY COSTS3.1 INTRODUCTIO
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included in the estimates presented
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Table 3-3Water Model Capital Cost B
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3.2.3 Implementing TDP Recommended
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sources. The September 1998 index v
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Amortization, or capital recovery,
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3.3 ADDITIONAL CAPITAL COSTSThe cos
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PilotingThe Technology Design Panel
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The 1993 Technology and Cost Docume
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cause disinfection by-product (DBP)
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Figure 3-1Pre-oxidation - 1.5 mg/L
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3.6 PRECIPITATIVE PROCESSES3.6.1 Co
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enhanced coagulation treatment plan
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Figure 3-4Enhanced Coagulation/Filt
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Small Systems (Less than 1 mgd)The
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Figure 3-6Coagulation Assisted Micr
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3.6.6 Enhanced Lime SofteningEnhanc
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Figure 3-8Enhanced Lime SofteningO&
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3. Empty Bed Contact Time (EBCT) is
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For design flows greater than 1 mgd
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Figure 3-9Activated AluminaCapital
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Figure 3-11Activated Alumina (pH 8
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Figure 3-13Activated Alumina (pH Ad
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3.7.2 Granular Ferric HydroxideGran
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6. The capital costs include a redu
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Figure 3-15Bed Volumes to Arsenic B
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Figure 3-17Anion Exchange (< 20 mg/
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Figure 3-19Anion Exchange (20-50 mg
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quality feed stream and often requi
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Figure 3-20Greensand FiltrationCapi
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3.11 COMPARISON OF COSTSThe April 1
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4.0 RESIDUALS HANDLING AND DISPOSAL
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mechanical dewatering processes. Wh
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Storage lagoons are best suited for
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the current Industrial Pretreatment
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4.3.3 Dewatered Sludge Land Applica
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usually determined by the Paint Fil
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for arsenic toxicity by a substanti
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The solids content of the backwash
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carbonate hardness removal produces
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Domestic sewage means untreated san
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4.4.10 Reverse OsmosisReverse osmos
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Figure 4-1Anion Exchange (< 20 mg/L
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Figure 4-3Anion Exchange (20-50 mg/
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Page 161 and 162: Figure 4-9Activated Alumina (pH 7 -
Page 163 and 164: Figure 4-11Activated Alumina (pH Ad
Page 165 and 166: Figure 4-13Greensand FiltrationWast
Page 167 and 168: 5.0 POINT-OF-ENTRY/POINT-OF-USE TRE
Page 169 and 170: chromatographic peaking, which occu
Page 171 and 172: 5.3.1 Case Study 1: Fairbanks, Alas
Page 173 and 174: Manufacturer and laboratory data su
Page 175 and 176: Figure 5-2POU Reverse OsmosisO&M Co
Page 177 and 178: # Installation time - 1 hour unskil
Page 179 and 180: Figure 5-3POU Activated AluminaTota
Page 181 and 182: 6.0 REFERENCESAmy, G.L. and P. Bran
Page 183 and 184: Cooperative Research Centres for Wa
Page 185 and 186: Fuller, C.C., J.A. Davis, G.W. Zell
Page 187 and 188: Le, X.C., and M. Ma (1998). “Dete
Page 189 and 190: Scott, K., J. Green, H.D. Do and S.
Page 191: Appendix AVery Small Systems Capita
Page 194 and 195: Table A4 - VSS Document Capital Cos
Page 197 and 198: Table B1.1 - Base Costs Obtained fr
Page 207 and 208: Table B11.1 - Base Costs Obtained f
Page 209 and 210: Table B13.1 - Base Costs Obtained f
Page 211: Appendix CW/W Cost Model Capital Co
Page 215 and 216: Table C3.1 - Base Costs Obtained fr
Page 223 and 224: Table C11.1 - Base Costs Obtained f
Page 241: Appendix DBasis for Revised Activat
Page 244 and 245: much more oversight than most small
Page 246 and 247: Basis. An old activated alumina des
Page 248 and 249: Basis. The Water Model provided con
Page 250 and 251: systems could underestimate the nee
Page 252 and 253: For design flows greater than 1 mgd
Page 254 and 255: The source water at Plant C has the
Page 256 and 257: length of 10,000 BV for 7 # pH < 8
Page 258 and 259: The arsenic loaded onto the column
Page 260 and 261: column. The Phase 3 Report noted th
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The lower bound run length at pH 6
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Basis. The labor requirements when
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23. The disposal cost for the spent
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8. US EPA. Guide for Implementing P
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APPENDIX E: BASIS FOR REVISED ANION
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6. The capital costs include a redu
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Table E-2Percentage of Ground Water
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12. The building cost to house the
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15. The second major component in t
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Arsenic in the regeneration brine w
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12. Clifford, D.A. G. Ghurye et al.
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Technologies and Costs for Removal of Arsenic From Drinking Water

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