Technologies and Costs for Removal of Arsenic From Drinking Water

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2. US EPA. Technologies and Costs for Removal of Arsenic from Drinking Water. Preparedby International Consultants, Inc. and Malcolm Pirnie, Inc. under contract 68-C6-0039 for EPAOGWDW. November 1999.3. US EPA. Estimation of Small System Water Treatment Costs, Prepared byCulp/Wesner/Culp under contract 68-03-3093 for EPA ORD. 1983.4. American Water Works Association Research Foundation. Cost Implications of a LowerArsenic MCL. Prepared by Frey, M.M. et al for American Water Works Association ResearchFoundation. May 5, 2000.5. US EPA. Arsenic Removal from Drinking Water by Ion Exchange and Activated AluminaPlants. Prepared by Battelle under contract 68-C7-0008 for EPA ORD. October 2000.6. US EPA. “Basis for Arsenic Activated Alumina Costs for Final Rule.” December 13, 2000.7. R.S. Means. Environmental Remediation Cost Data. 1998.8. US EPA. Guide for Implementing Phase I Water Treatment Cost Upgrades. Prepared byScience Applications International Corporation under contract 68-C6-0059 for EPAOGWDW. September 1998.9. US EPA. Geometries and Characteristics of Public Water Systems. Prepared by ScienceApplications International Corporation under contract 68-C6-0059 for EPA OGWDW. August15, 1999.10. US EPA. Very Small Systems Best Available Technology Cost Document. Prepared byMalcolm Pirnie, Inc. for EPA. September 1993.11. Clifford, D.A. “Computer Prediction of Arsenic Ion Exchange.” Journal AWWA. April 1995.E-12
12. Clifford, D.A. G. Ghurye et al. Final Report: Phases 1 & 2 City of Albuquerque ArsenicStudy Field Studies on Arsenic Removal in Albuquerque, New Mexico using the Universityof Houston/EPA Mobile Drinking Water Treatment Research Facility. Houston, TX:University of Houston, December 1997.13. American Water Works Association. Water Quality and Treatment - A Handbook ofCommunity Water Supplies. Fifth Edition. McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, New York.1999.14. US EPA. Small Water System Byproducts Treatment and Disposal Cost Document.Prepared by DPRA Incorporated for EPA OGWDW. April 1993.15. US EPA. Water System Byproducts Treatment and Disposal Cost Document. Prepared byDPRA Incorporated for EPA OGWDW. April 1993.E-13
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United StatesEnvironmental Protecti
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThis document was pr
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2.5.7 Reverse Osmosis .............
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5.0 POINT-OF-ENTRY/POINT-OF-USE TRE
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LIST OF FIGURES2-1 Pressure Driven
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LIST OF ACRONYMSAAAWWAAWWARFBLSBVC/
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POUpoint-of-useppbparts per billion
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# Alternative treatment processes s
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ends up as ferric hydroxide. In alu
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Optimization Hierarchy for Coagulat
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Substantial arsenic removal has bee
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Vickers et al. (1997) reported that
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was reduced to 0.05 mg/L when the i
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Field StudiesSurveys of lime soften
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Effect of pHpH may have significant
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RegenerationRegeneration of AA beds
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een developed provide important inf
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applicability of IX at a particular
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TABLE 2-1Typical IX Resins for Arse
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solution strength. Arsenic elutes r
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2.4.12 Typical Design ParametersThr
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2.5.2 Important Factors for Membran
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arsenic size distribution to correl
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AWWARF (1998) also performed UF pil
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presumably due to changes in electr
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RO performance is adversely affecte
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TABLE 2-10Arsenic Removal with RO a
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eversal is the decreased potential
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2.6 ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES2.6.1 I
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20 mg As per gram of iron was remov
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The most significant weakness of th
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3.0 TECHNOLOGY COSTS3.1 INTRODUCTIO
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included in the estimates presented
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Table 3-3Water Model Capital Cost B
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3.2.3 Implementing TDP Recommended
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sources. The September 1998 index v
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Amortization, or capital recovery,
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3.3 ADDITIONAL CAPITAL COSTSThe cos
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PilotingThe Technology Design Panel
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The 1993 Technology and Cost Docume
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cause disinfection by-product (DBP)
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Figure 3-1Pre-oxidation - 1.5 mg/L
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3.6 PRECIPITATIVE PROCESSES3.6.1 Co
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enhanced coagulation treatment plan
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Figure 3-4Enhanced Coagulation/Filt
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Small Systems (Less than 1 mgd)The
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Figure 3-6Coagulation Assisted Micr
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3.6.6 Enhanced Lime SofteningEnhanc
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Figure 3-8Enhanced Lime SofteningO&
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3. Empty Bed Contact Time (EBCT) is
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For design flows greater than 1 mgd
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Figure 3-9Activated AluminaCapital
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Figure 3-11Activated Alumina (pH 8
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Figure 3-13Activated Alumina (pH Ad
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3.7.2 Granular Ferric HydroxideGran
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6. The capital costs include a redu
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Figure 3-15Bed Volumes to Arsenic B
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Figure 3-17Anion Exchange (< 20 mg/
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Figure 3-19Anion Exchange (20-50 mg
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quality feed stream and often requi
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Figure 3-20Greensand FiltrationCapi
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3.11 COMPARISON OF COSTSThe April 1
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4.0 RESIDUALS HANDLING AND DISPOSAL
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mechanical dewatering processes. Wh
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Storage lagoons are best suited for
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the current Industrial Pretreatment
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4.3.3 Dewatered Sludge Land Applica
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usually determined by the Paint Fil
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for arsenic toxicity by a substanti
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The solids content of the backwash
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carbonate hardness removal produces
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Domestic sewage means untreated san
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4.4.10 Reverse OsmosisReverse osmos
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Figure 4-1Anion Exchange (< 20 mg/L
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Figure 4-3Anion Exchange (20-50 mg/
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Figure 4-9Activated Alumina (pH 7 -
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Figure 4-11Activated Alumina (pH Ad
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Figure 4-13Greensand FiltrationWast
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5.0 POINT-OF-ENTRY/POINT-OF-USE TRE
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chromatographic peaking, which occu
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5.3.1 Case Study 1: Fairbanks, Alas
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Manufacturer and laboratory data su
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Figure 5-2POU Reverse OsmosisO&M Co
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# Installation time - 1 hour unskil
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Figure 5-3POU Activated AluminaTota
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6.0 REFERENCESAmy, G.L. and P. Bran
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Cooperative Research Centres for Wa
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Fuller, C.C., J.A. Davis, G.W. Zell
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Le, X.C., and M. Ma (1998). “Dete
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Scott, K., J. Green, H.D. Do and S.
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Appendix AVery Small Systems Capita
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Table A4 - VSS Document Capital Cos
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Table B1.1 - Base Costs Obtained fr
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Table B11.1 - Base Costs Obtained f
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Table B13.1 - Base Costs Obtained f
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Appendix CW/W Cost Model Capital Co
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Table C2.1 - Base Costs Obtained fr
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Table C10.1 - Base Costs Obtained f
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Page 232 and 233: Table C20.1 - Base Costs Obtained f
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Page 243 and 244: APPENDIX D: BASIS FOR REVISED ACTIV
Page 245 and 246: Company case study is 18 minutes (2
Page 247 and 248: egressed against their respective v
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Page 251 and 252: were based on $40/sq ft). The proce
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Page 261 and 262: Since the available arsenic capacit
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Page 272 and 273: 2. The estimated cost of the anion
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Technologies and Costs for Removal of Arsenic From Drinking Water

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