Multi-Carrier and Spread Spectrum Systems: From OFDM and MC ...

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90 MC-CDMA and MC-DS-CDMA3.0Spectral efficiency in bit/s/Hz2.52.01.5QPSK8-PSK16-QAMQPSK, OFDM8-PSK, OFDM16-QAM, OFDM1.00.54 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14E b /N 0 in dBFigure 2-19 Spectral efficiency of MC-CDMA and OFDM (OFDMA, MC-TDMA): fully loadedsystem; Rayleigh fading; BER = 10 −4Section 2.1.5.1). The performance of an MC-CDMA system with different loads and MRCin the synchronous uplink is shown in Figure 2-20. It can be observed that due to the lossof orthogonality between the user signals in the uplink only moderate numbers of activeusers can be handled with single-user detection.The performance of MC-CDMA in the synchronous uplink can be significantly improvedby applying multi-user detection techniques. Various concepts have been investigated inthe literature. In the uplink, the performance of MLSE and MLSSE closely approximatesthe single-user bound (one user curve in Figure 2-20) since here the Walsh–Hadamardcodes do not superpose orthogonally and the maximum diversity can be exploited [47].The performance degradation of a fully loaded MC-CDMA system with MLSE/MLSSEcompared to the single-user bound is about 1 dB in SNR.Moreover, suboptimum multi-user detection techniques have also been investigated forMC-CDMA in the uplink, which benefit from reduced complexity in the receiver. Interferencecancellation schemes are analyzed in References [1] and [32] and joint detectionschemes in References [5] and [49].To take advantage of MC-CDMA with nearly orthogonal user separation at the receiverantenna, the pre-equalization techniques presented in Section 2.1.6 can be applied. Theparameters of the MC-CDMA system under investigation are presented in Table 2-3.
MC-CDMA 9110 010 −1BER10 −210 −38 users4 users2 users1 user10 −40 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20E b /N 0 in dBFigure 2-20 BER versus SNR for MC-CDMA in the synchronous uplink: MRC; no FEC coding;QPSK; L = 8; Rayleigh fadingTable 2-3 Parameters of the MC-CDMA uplink system withpre-equalizationParameterValue/characteristicsBandwidth20 MHzCarrier frequency5.2 GHzNumber of sub-carriers 256Spreading codesWalsh–Hadamard codesSpreading code length L 16Symbol mappingQPSKFEC codingNoneMobile radio channel Indoor fading channel with T g >τ maxMaximum Doppler frequency 26 Hz
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Multi-Carrier andSpread SpectrumSys
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This edition first published 2008©
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Contentsix4.3.2 One-Dimensional Cha
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ForewordThis book discusses multi-c
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Preface (First Edition)Nowadays, mu
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AcknowledgementsThe authors would l
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2 Introductionambitious technologic
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4 IntroductionTables 1 and 2 summar
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6 IntroductionPower densityTimeFreq
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8 Introductiona high immunity again
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10 Introductionprocessing gain P G
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12 Introductionand interactive mult
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14 Introduction[43] Saltzberg, B. R
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16 FundamentalsBSTSFigure 1-1Time-v
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18 Fundamentalswhere p =|a p | 2 (1
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20 Fundamentalssuch that the effect
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22 FundamentalsTable 1-2 Delay powe
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24 Fundamentals(i) Fixed Positioned
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26 Fundamentalson sub-channel n of
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28 Fundamentals10 010 −1OFDM (OFD
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30 Fundamentalsin order to achieve
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32 FundamentalsThe discrete length
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34 FundamentalsThe following matrix
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36 FundamentalsTable 1-11Wireless l
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38 FundamentalsFrequency hopping (F
Page 60 and 61: 40 FundamentalsFinally, a threshold
Page 62 and 63: 42 Fundamentals1.3.3 Applications o
Page 64 and 65: 44 FundamentalsTable 1-12Radio link
Page 66 and 67: 46 FundamentalsOrthogonalV-SF codeF
Page 68 and 69: {{48 Fundamentalsdata symbolsspread
Page 70 and 71: 50 FundamentalsCellular Mobile Radi
Page 72 and 73: 52 Fundamentals[27] Haindl B., “M
Page 75 and 76: 2MC-CDMA and MC-DS-CDMAIn this chap
Page 77 and 78: MC-CDMA 57whered = (d (0) ,d (1) ,.
Page 79 and 80: MC-CDMA 59i.e. the spreading is per
Page 81 and 82: MC-CDMA 61Table 2-1 PAPR bounds of
Page 83 and 84: MC-CDMA 632.1.4.4 Rotated Constella
Page 85 and 86: MC-CDMA 65After inverse OFDM the re
Page 87 and 88: MC-CDMA 67and requires only informa
Page 89 and 90: MC-CDMA 69hard interference evaluat
Page 91 and 92: MC-CDMA 71Thedataofthedesireduserk
Page 93 and 94: MC-CDMA 73L corresponds to the spre
Page 95 and 96: MC-CDMA 752.1.7 Combined Equalizati
Page 97 and 98: MC-CDMA 77broadcasting, WLAN, and W
Page 99 and 100: MC-CDMA 792.1.8.1 Log-Likelihood Ra
Page 101 and 102: MC-CDMA 81For coded MC-CDMA systems
Page 103 and 104: MC-CDMA 83where Q different user gr
Page 105 and 106: MC-CDMA 85Table 2-2MC-CDMA system p
Page 107 and 108: MC-CDMA 87first iteration. The opti
Page 109: MC-CDMA 8910 010 −110 −2BER10
Page 113 and 114: MC-CDMA 9310 010 −110 −2BER10
Page 115 and 116: MC-DS-CDMA 95c (k) (t)f 00d (k)S/P+
Page 117 and 118: MC-DS-CDMA 97The user-specific dela
Page 119 and 120: MC-DS-CDMA 9910 010 −1BER10 −21
Page 121 and 122: References 101[7] Brüninghaus K. a
Page 123: References 103[49] Steiner B., “U
Page 126 and 127: 106 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesI
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Page 130 and 131: 110 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemest
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Page 134 and 135: 114 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesT
Page 136 and 137: 116 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesA
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Page 146 and 147: 126 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemes[
Page 149 and 150: 4Implementation IssuesA general PHY
Page 151 and 152: Multi-Carrier Modulation and Demodu
Page 159 and 160: Synchronization 139The performance
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Synchronization 141null symbol as a
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Synchronization 143resulting SNR ca
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Synchronization 145SNR Degradation
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Synchronization 147FFTr(k)estimated
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Synchronization 149the timing error
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Synchronization 151A first simple s
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Synchronization 153Transmitted 2 re
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Channel Estimation 155Special cases
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Channel Estimation 157The mean squa
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Channel Estimation 159by the second
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Channel Estimation 161Given the nor
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Channel Estimation 163and f D, filt
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Channel Estimation 16510 010 −110
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Channel Estimation 16710 010 −13
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Channel Estimation 169in order to r
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Channel Estimation 17110 010 −1BU
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Channel Estimation 173timefreq. 00
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Channel Coding and Decoding 1754.4.
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Channel Coding and Decoding 177Tabl
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Channel Coding and Decoding 179a (k
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Channel Coding and Decoding 181n rk
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Channel Coding and Decoding 183Bit
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Channel Coding and Decoding 185Bit
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Signal Constellation, Mapping, De-M
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Signal Constellation, Mapping, De-M
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Adaptive Techniques in Multi-Carrie
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RF Issues 193hence reduce, for inst
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RF Issues 195s(t)r(t)e jf(t)White n
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RF Issues 197receivedsignalto detec
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RF Issues 1994.7.2.1 Effects of Non
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RF Issues 2011e−011e−02UplinkDo
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RF Issues 203of data pre-distortion
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RF Issues 205Table 4-8Minimum total
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RF Issues 207Detection strategyIn t
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RF Issues 209above formula becomes(
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References 211[21] Fazel K., “Nar
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References 213[66] Nobilet S., Hela
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5Applications5.1 IntroductionThe de
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Introduction 217high speed as well
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 219H
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 221U
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 2231
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 227T
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 229C
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WiMAX 237Table 5-12 Downlink LTE sp
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WiMAX 239Wi-FiBusinessTSWiMAX BSTSM
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WiMAX 241Table 5-16Summary of the I
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WiMAX 243WiMAXInteroperabilityInter
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WiMAX 245UNIAirinterfaceSNITerminal
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WiMAX 247Radio ResourceControlIniti
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WiMAX 249Frame n−1 Frame n Frame
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WiMAX 251Read RF-Channel ListScan F
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WiMAX 253NormaloperationTS measures
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WiMAX 255Table 5-18Example of some
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WiMAX 257Total bandwidth (between 1
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WiMAX 259Sub-carriers (frequency)n0
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ApplicationsWiMAX 261Table 5-23 Gen
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WiMAX 263Table 5-27(OFDMA)FEC codin
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WiMAX 265M-QAMMappingSTC withSpatia
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WiMAX 267Frame n−1 Frame n Frame
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WiMAX 269Table 5-29WirelessMAN-OFDM
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WiMAX 2710Power density in dB−25
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WiMAX 273Table 5-37diversityPeak da
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WiMAX 275Table 5-41DL link budget e
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Future Mobile Communications Concep
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Wireless Local Area Networks 283MTB
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Wireless Local Area Networks 285fre
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Interaction Channel for DVB-T: DVB-
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References 297Table 5-58Parameters
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References 299[32] Taoka H., Higuch
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302 Additional Techniques for Capac
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340 Definitions, Abbreviations, and
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350 SymbolsG l,lGG [j]h(t)h(τ,t)H(
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Index3GPP 218Adaptive techniques 19
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Index 355Forward error correction (
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Index 357Multi-carrier modulation a
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Index 359Maximum likelihood paramet
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