50 FundamentalsCellular Mobile RadioDue to the high spectral efficiency of <strong>MC</strong>-CDMA, it is a an interesting concept for ahigh rate downlink of future mobile radio systems [3]. In the uplink, <strong>MC</strong>-DS-CDMAseems to be a promising c<strong>and</strong>idate since it has a lower PAPR compared to <strong>MC</strong>-CDMA,thus increasing the power efficiency of the mobile terminal. In Reference [23] a furtherconcept of an <strong>MC</strong>-CDMA system for a mobile cellular system has been proposed.DVB-T Return LinkThe DVB-T interactive point to multi-point (PMP) network is intended to offer a varietyof services requiring different data rates [18]. Therefore, the multiple access scheme needsto be flexible in terms of data rate assignment to each subscriber. As in the downlinkterrestrial channel, its return channels suffer especially from high multi-path propagationdelays. A derivative of <strong>MC</strong>-CDMA, namely <strong>OFDM</strong>A, is already adopted in the st<strong>and</strong>ard.Several orthogonal sub-carriers are assigned to each terminal station. However, theassignment of these sub-carriers over the time is hopped following a given spreadingcode.MMDS/LMDS (FWA)The aim of microwave/local multi-point distribution systems (MMDS/LMDS) or fixedbroadb<strong>and</strong> wireless access (FWA) systems is to provide wireless high speed serviceswith, for example, IP/ATM to fixed positioned terminal stations with a coverage areafrom 2 km up to 20 km. In order to maintain reasonably low RF costs <strong>and</strong> good penetrationof the radio signals for residential applications, the FWA systems typically use below10 GHz carrier frequencies, e.g. the MMDS b<strong>and</strong> (2.5–2.7 GHz) or around 5 GHz. As inthe DVB-T return channel, <strong>OFDM</strong>A with frequency hopping for FWA below 10 GHz isproposed [20, 30]. However, for microwave frequencies above 10 GHz, e.g. LMDS, themain channel impairment will be the high amount of co-channel interference (CCI) dueto the dense frequency re-use in a cellular environment. In Reference [36] a system architecturebased on <strong>MC</strong>-CDMA for FWA/LMDS applications is proposed. The suggestedsystem provides a high capacity, is robust against multi-path effects, <strong>and</strong> can offer servicecoverage not only to subscribers with LOS but also to subscribers without LOS.Aeronautical CommunicationsAn increase in air traffic will lead to bottlenecks in air traffic h<strong>and</strong>ling en route <strong>and</strong> onground. Airports have been identified as one of the most capacity-restricted factors inthe future if no countermeasures are taken. New digital st<strong>and</strong>ards should replace currentanalogue air traffic control systems. Different concepts for future air traffic control basedon multi-carrier spread spectrum systems have been proposed [26, 27].More potential application fields for multi-carrier spread spectrum systems are inwireless indoor communications [55] <strong>and</strong> broadb<strong>and</strong> underwater acoustic communications[40].References[1] 3GPP (TR 36.803), “Evolved universal terrestrial radio access (E-UTRA); user equipment (UE) radiotransmission <strong>and</strong> reception (Release 8),” Technical Specification, Sophia Antipolis, France, 2007.
References 51[2] Adachi F., Sawahashi M., <strong>and</strong> Suda H., “Wideb<strong>and</strong> CDMA for next generation mobile communicationssystems,” IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 26, pp. 56–69, June 1988.[3] Atarashi H., Maeda N., Abeta S., <strong>and</strong> Sawahashi M., “Broadb<strong>and</strong> packet wireless access based on VSF-OFCDM <strong>and</strong> <strong>MC</strong>/DS-CDMA,” in Proc. IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor <strong>and</strong> MobileRadio Communications (PIMRC 2002), Lisbon, Portugal, pp. 992–997, Sept. 2002.[4] Baier A., Fiebig U. -C., Granzow W., Koch W., Teder P., <strong>and</strong> Thielecke J., “Design study for a CDMAbasedthird-generation mobile radio system, “IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 12,pp. 733–734, May 1994.[5] Berruto E., Gudmundson M., Menolascino R., Mohr W., <strong>and</strong> Pizarroso M., “Research activities onUMTS radio interface, network architectures, <strong>and</strong> planning,” IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 36,pp. 82–95, Feb. 1998.[6] Bingham J. A. C., “<strong>Multi</strong>carrier modulation for data transmission: an idea whose time has come,” IEEECommunications Magazine, vol. 28, pp. 5–14, May 1990.[7] Chouly A., Brajal A., <strong>and</strong> Jourdan S., “Orthogonal multicarrier techniques applied to direct sequencespread spectrum CDMA systems,” in Proc. IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference (GLOBECOM’93), Houston, USA, pp. 1723–1728, Nov./Dec. 1993.[8] CODIT, “Final propagation model,” Report R2020/TDE/PS/DS/P/040/b1, 1994.[9] COST 207, “Digital l<strong>and</strong> mobile radio communications,” Final Report, 1989.[10] COST 231, “Digital mobile radio towards future generation systems,” Final Report, 1996.[11] COST 259, “Wireless flexible personalized communications,” Final Report, L.M.Correira(ed.),JohnWiley & Sons, Ltd, 2001.[12] DaSilva V. <strong>and</strong> Sousa E. S., “Performance of orthogonal CDMA codes for quasi-synchronous communicationsystems,” in Proc. IEEE International Conference on Universal Personal Communications (ICUPC’93), Ottawa, Canada, pp. 995–999, Oct. 1993.[13] Dinan E. H. <strong>and</strong> Jabbari B., “<strong>Spread</strong>ing codes for direct sequence CDMA <strong>and</strong> wideb<strong>and</strong> CDMA cellularnetworks,” IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 26, pp. 48–54, June 1988.[14] Dixon R. C., <strong>Spread</strong> <strong>Spectrum</strong> <strong>Systems</strong>, New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1976.[15] Engels M. (ed.), Wireless <strong>OFDM</strong> <strong>Systems</strong>: How to Make Them Work, Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers,2002.[16] Erceg V., et al., “An empirically based path loss model for wireless channels in suburban environments,”IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 17, July 1999.[17] Erceg V., et al., “Channel models for fixed wireless applications,” IEEE 802.16 BWA Working Group,July 2001.[18] ETSI DVB-RCT (EN 301 958), “Interaction channel for digital terrestrial television (RCT) incorporatingmultiple access <strong>OFDM</strong>,” Sophia Antipolis, France, March 2001.[19] ETSI DVB-T (EN 300 744), “Digital video broadcasting (DVB); framing structure, channel coding <strong>and</strong>modulation for digital terrestrial television,” Sophia Antipolis, France, July 1999.[20] ETSI HIPERMAN (TS 102 177), “High performance metropolitan local area networks, Part 1: Physicallayer,” Sophia Antipolis, France, 2004.[21] ETSI UMTS (TR 101 112), “Universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS),” Sophia Antipolis,France, 1998.[22] Fazel K., “Performance of CDMA/<strong>OFDM</strong> for mobile communication system,” in Proc. IEEE InternationalConference on Universal Personal Communications (ICUPC ’93), Ottawa, Canada, pp. 975–979, Oct.1993.[23] Fazel K., Kaiser S., <strong>and</strong> Schnell M., “A flexible <strong>and</strong> high performance cellular mobile communicationssystem based on multi-carrier SSMA,” Wireless Personal Communications, vol. 2, nos. 1 & 2,pp. 121–144, 1995.[24] Fazel K. <strong>and</strong> Papke L., “On the performance of convolutionally-coded CDMA/<strong>OFDM</strong> for mobile communicationsystem,” in Proc. IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor <strong>and</strong> Mobile RadioCommunications (PIMRC ’93), Yokohama, Japan, pp. 468–472, Sept. 1993.[25] Fettweis G., Bahai A. S., <strong>and</strong> Anvari K., “On multi-carrier code division multiple access (<strong>MC</strong>-CDMA)modem design,” in Proc. IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC ’94), Stockholm, Sweden,pp. 1670–1674, June 1994.[26] Haas E., Lang H., <strong>and</strong> Schnell M., “Development <strong>and</strong> implementation of an advanced airport data linkbased on multi-carrier communications,” European Transactions on Telecommunications (ETT), vol. 13,no. 5, pp. 447–454, Sept./Oct. 2002.
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This edition first published 2008©
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Contentsix4.3.2 One-Dimensional Cha
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ForewordThis book discusses multi-c
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Preface (First Edition)Nowadays, mu
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106 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesI
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126 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemes[
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4Implementation IssuesA general PHY
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Synchronization 139The performance
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Channel Estimation 159by the second
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Channel Estimation 163and f D, filt
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Channel Coding and Decoding 1754.4.
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Channel Coding and Decoding 177Tabl
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Channel Coding and Decoding 179a (k
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Channel Coding and Decoding 181n rk
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Channel Coding and Decoding 183Bit
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Channel Coding and Decoding 185Bit
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Signal Constellation, Mapping, De-M
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Signal Constellation, Mapping, De-M
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RF Issues 193hence reduce, for inst
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RF Issues 195s(t)r(t)e jf(t)White n
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RF Issues 197receivedsignalto detec
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RF Issues 1994.7.2.1 Effects of Non
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RF Issues 2011e−011e−02UplinkDo
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RF Issues 203of data pre-distortion
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RF Issues 205Table 4-8Minimum total
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RF Issues 207Detection strategyIn t
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RF Issues 209above formula becomes(
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References 211[21] Fazel K., “Nar
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References 213[66] Nobilet S., Hela
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5Applications5.1 IntroductionThe de
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Introduction 217high speed as well
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 219H
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 221U
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 2231
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 2251
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 227T
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 229C
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 233T
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 235T
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WiMAX 237Table 5-12 Downlink LTE sp
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WiMAX 239Wi-FiBusinessTSWiMAX BSTSM
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WiMAX 241Table 5-16Summary of the I
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WiMAX 243WiMAXInteroperabilityInter
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WiMAX 245UNIAirinterfaceSNITerminal
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WiMAX 247Radio ResourceControlIniti
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WiMAX 249Frame n−1 Frame n Frame
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WiMAX 251Read RF-Channel ListScan F
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WiMAX 253NormaloperationTS measures
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WiMAX 255Table 5-18Example of some
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WiMAX 257Total bandwidth (between 1
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WiMAX 259Sub-carriers (frequency)n0
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ApplicationsWiMAX 261Table 5-23 Gen
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WiMAX 263Table 5-27(OFDMA)FEC codin
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WiMAX 265M-QAMMappingSTC withSpatia
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WiMAX 267Frame n−1 Frame n Frame
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WiMAX 269Table 5-29WirelessMAN-OFDM
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WiMAX 2710Power density in dB−25
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WiMAX 273Table 5-37diversityPeak da
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WiMAX 275Table 5-41DL link budget e
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Future Mobile Communications Concep
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Future Mobile Communications Concep
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Wireless Local Area Networks 283MTB
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Wireless Local Area Networks 285fre
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References 297Table 5-58Parameters
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References 299[32] Taoka H., Higuch
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302 Additional Techniques for Capac
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304 Additional Techniques for Capac
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306 Additional Techniques for Capac
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308 Additional Techniques for Capac
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310 Additional Techniques for Capac
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312 Additional Techniques for Capac
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314 Additional Techniques for Capac
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316 Additional Techniques for Capac
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318 Additional Techniques for Capac
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320 Additional Techniques for Capac
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322 Additional Techniques for Capac
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324 Additional Techniques for Capac
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326 Additional Techniques for Capac
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328 Additional Techniques for Capac
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330 Additional Techniques for Capac
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332 Additional Techniques for Capac
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334 Additional Techniques for Capac
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336 Additional Techniques for Capac
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338 Additional Techniques for Capac
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340 Definitions, Abbreviations, and
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342 Definitions, Abbreviations, and
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344 Definitions, Abbreviations, and
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346 Definitions, Abbreviations, and
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348 Definitions, Abbreviations, and
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350 SymbolsG l,lGG [j]h(t)h(τ,t)H(
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Index3GPP 218Adaptive techniques 19
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Index 355Forward error correction (
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Index 357Multi-carrier modulation a
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Index 359Maximum likelihood paramet