Multi-Carrier and Spread Spectrum Systems: From OFDM and MC ...

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356 IndexLine of sight (LOS) 16, 18Link budget 208–210, 272–275, 287,296–297Localized DFT-spread OFDM 118,227–228Local multipoint distribution system(LMDS) 50Local oscillator 136–137, 192–201Log likelihood ratio (LLR) 71, 79–80,183–185Interference cancellation 81Maximum likelihood detection (MLD)80–81MC-CDMA 79–81OFDM 79Single-user detection 79–80Long Term Evolution (LTE) 218–237Cell search 231–232Medium access control (MAC) 221MAC scheduler 225Multi-antenna transmission 226–227,231Packet data convergence 221Performance 235–237Radio access network (RAN) 220Radio link control (RLC) 221Radio resource control (RRC)220–221Random access procedure 232Requirements 219Resource mapping 223–225,229–231Spectrum mask 234Low density parity check coding (LDPC)182–186Bit nodes 183–185Check nodes 183–184Tanner graph 183–185Two steps decoding 186Low rate convolutional codes 60LTE channel model 21–23LTE requirements 219MAC scheduler 225Mapping 187–189Maximum a posteriori (MAP) 67Maximum likelihood parameterestimation 144–147Maximum likelihood sequenceestimation (MLSE) 67Maximum likelihood symbol-by-symbolestimation (MLSSE) 68Maximum ratio combining (MRC) 65,313–314Maximum ratio transmission (MRT)73, 326MC-CDMA 9–11, 46–49, 55–94Downlink signal 56–57MC-CDMA software defined radio335–337Performance 84–94Spreading 58–60Uplink signal 57MC-DS-CDMA 9–11, 46–49, 94–100Downlink signal 96Performance 98–100Spreading 97Uplink signal 96–97Mean delay 17Medium access control (MAC) 112,120, 221, 225, 246–247Microwave multipoint distributionsystem (MMDS) 50Minimum mean square error (MMSE)equalization 66–67MMSE block linear equalizer 68Quasi MMSE pre-equalization 74M-Modification 81–82Monocycle 121Moose maximum likelihood frequencyestimation 144–147M-QAM constellation 187–189M&Q-Modification 83Multi-antenna transmission (MIMO)226–227, 231, 263–267, 302–330Multi band radio 334Multi-carrier CDMA (MC-CDMA)9–11, 46–49, 55–94Multi-carrier channel modeling 25–26Multi-carrier FDMA (MC-FDMA)107–118
Index 357Multi-carrier modulation anddemodulation 130–134Multi-carrier spread spectrum (MC-SS)9–11, 46–49, 55–94Multi-carrier TDMA (MC-TDMA)118–121Multi-carrier transmission 28–35Multi-function radio 335Multimedia services 215–216Multipath propagation 15Multiple access interference (MAI) 41Multiple input/multiple output (MIMO)226–227, 231, 263–267, 302–330MIMO capacity 307Multiple input/single output (MISO)303Multi-role radio 334Multitone CDMA (MT-CDMA) 96Multiuser detection 64, 67–71, 97Narrowband interference rejection206–208Noise factor 209Noise power 208–209Noise variance 32Non-linearities 197–206Effects 197–202Influence in DS-CDMA200–201Influence in MC-CDMA201–202High power amplifier (HPA) models199–200Pre-distortion techniques 202–205NTT DOCOMO B3G/4G experimentsand field trials 276–282Null symbol 140, 147, 293Nyquist pulse shaping 111OFDMA with code division multiplexing(SS-MC-MA) 113–116OFDM-CDM 186–187OFDM-CDMA 47One-dimensional channel estimation159One-dimensional spreading code 61–62Orthogonal frequency divisionmultiplexing (OFDM) 28–36,130–134Frame 33, 140Frame duration 33Spectrum 30Standards 35–36Symbol 30–31, 33Symbol duration 30–31, 33Orthogonal frequency division multipleaccess (OFDMA) 107–113,257–261Code division multiplexing (CDM)113–116Frequency hopping OFDMA111–112Pulse shaping 110–111Scalable OFDMA 258–261Synchronization sensitivity 109–110Transceiver 112Output back-off (OBO) 199Packet data convergence 221Parallel interference cancellation (PIC)69–70Path loss 16, 208–209Peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR)60–61, 198Downlink PAPR 61Uplink PAPR 60–61Phase diversity 309–311, 314Phase lock loop (PLL) 194Phase noise 193–197Effects 194–196Modeling 193–194Lorenzian power density spectrum193Measured power density spectrum193–194Pilot symbol grid 155–156Pre-distortion techniques 202–205Pre-equalization 72–74Downlink 72–74Power constraint 73Uplink 74Processing gain 37, 55
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Multi-Carrier andSpread SpectrumSys
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This edition first published 2008©
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Contentsix4.3.2 One-Dimensional Cha
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ForewordThis book discusses multi-c
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Preface (First Edition)Nowadays, mu
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AcknowledgementsThe authors would l
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2 Introductionambitious technologic
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4 IntroductionTables 1 and 2 summar
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6 IntroductionPower densityTimeFreq
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8 Introductiona high immunity again
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10 Introductionprocessing gain P G
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12 Introductionand interactive mult
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14 Introduction[43] Saltzberg, B. R
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16 FundamentalsBSTSFigure 1-1Time-v
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18 Fundamentalswhere p =|a p | 2 (1
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20 Fundamentalssuch that the effect
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22 FundamentalsTable 1-2 Delay powe
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24 Fundamentals(i) Fixed Positioned
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26 Fundamentalson sub-channel n of
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28 Fundamentals10 010 −1OFDM (OFD
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30 Fundamentalsin order to achieve
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32 FundamentalsThe discrete length
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34 FundamentalsThe following matrix
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36 FundamentalsTable 1-11Wireless l
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38 FundamentalsFrequency hopping (F
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40 FundamentalsFinally, a threshold
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42 Fundamentals1.3.3 Applications o
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44 FundamentalsTable 1-12Radio link
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46 FundamentalsOrthogonalV-SF codeF
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{{48 Fundamentalsdata symbolsspread
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50 FundamentalsCellular Mobile Radi
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52 Fundamentals[27] Haindl B., “M
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2MC-CDMA and MC-DS-CDMAIn this chap
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MC-CDMA 57whered = (d (0) ,d (1) ,.
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MC-CDMA 59i.e. the spreading is per
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MC-CDMA 61Table 2-1 PAPR bounds of
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MC-CDMA 632.1.4.4 Rotated Constella
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MC-CDMA 65After inverse OFDM the re
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MC-CDMA 67and requires only informa
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MC-CDMA 69hard interference evaluat
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MC-CDMA 71Thedataofthedesireduserk
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MC-CDMA 73L corresponds to the spre
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MC-CDMA 752.1.7 Combined Equalizati
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MC-CDMA 77broadcasting, WLAN, and W
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MC-CDMA 792.1.8.1 Log-Likelihood Ra
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MC-CDMA 81For coded MC-CDMA systems
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MC-CDMA 83where Q different user gr
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MC-CDMA 85Table 2-2MC-CDMA system p
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MC-CDMA 87first iteration. The opti
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MC-CDMA 8910 010 −110 −2BER10
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MC-CDMA 9110 010 −1BER10 −210
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MC-CDMA 9310 010 −110 −2BER10
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MC-DS-CDMA 95c (k) (t)f 00d (k)S/P+
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MC-DS-CDMA 97The user-specific dela
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MC-DS-CDMA 9910 010 −1BER10 −21
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References 101[7] Brüninghaus K. a
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References 103[49] Steiner B., “U
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106 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesI
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108 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemesw
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110 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemest
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112 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesO
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114 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesT
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116 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesA
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120 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemest
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122 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesA
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126 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemes[
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4Implementation IssuesA general PHY
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Multi-Carrier Modulation and Demodu
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Synchronization 139The performance
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Synchronization 141null symbol as a
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Synchronization 143resulting SNR ca
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Synchronization 145SNR Degradation
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Synchronization 147FFTr(k)estimated
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Synchronization 149the timing error
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Synchronization 151A first simple s
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Synchronization 153Transmitted 2 re
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Channel Estimation 155Special cases
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Channel Estimation 157The mean squa
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Channel Estimation 159by the second
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Channel Estimation 161Given the nor
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Channel Estimation 163and f D, filt
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Channel Estimation 16510 010 −110
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Channel Estimation 16710 010 −13
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Channel Estimation 169in order to r
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Channel Estimation 17110 010 −1BU
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Channel Estimation 173timefreq. 00
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Channel Coding and Decoding 1754.4.
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Channel Coding and Decoding 177Tabl
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Channel Coding and Decoding 179a (k
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Channel Coding and Decoding 181n rk
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Channel Coding and Decoding 183Bit
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Channel Coding and Decoding 185Bit
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Signal Constellation, Mapping, De-M
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Signal Constellation, Mapping, De-M
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Adaptive Techniques in Multi-Carrie
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RF Issues 193hence reduce, for inst
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RF Issues 195s(t)r(t)e jf(t)White n
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RF Issues 197receivedsignalto detec
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RF Issues 1994.7.2.1 Effects of Non
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RF Issues 2011e−011e−02UplinkDo
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RF Issues 203of data pre-distortion
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RF Issues 205Table 4-8Minimum total
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RF Issues 207Detection strategyIn t
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RF Issues 209above formula becomes(
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References 211[21] Fazel K., “Nar
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References 213[66] Nobilet S., Hela
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5Applications5.1 IntroductionThe de
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Introduction 217high speed as well
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 219H
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 221U
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 2231
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 227T
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 229C
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WiMAX 237Table 5-12 Downlink LTE sp
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WiMAX 239Wi-FiBusinessTSWiMAX BSTSM
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WiMAX 241Table 5-16Summary of the I
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WiMAX 243WiMAXInteroperabilityInter
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WiMAX 245UNIAirinterfaceSNITerminal
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WiMAX 247Radio ResourceControlIniti
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WiMAX 249Frame n−1 Frame n Frame
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WiMAX 251Read RF-Channel ListScan F
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WiMAX 253NormaloperationTS measures
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WiMAX 255Table 5-18Example of some
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WiMAX 257Total bandwidth (between 1
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WiMAX 259Sub-carriers (frequency)n0
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ApplicationsWiMAX 261Table 5-23 Gen
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WiMAX 263Table 5-27(OFDMA)FEC codin
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WiMAX 265M-QAMMappingSTC withSpatia
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WiMAX 267Frame n−1 Frame n Frame
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WiMAX 269Table 5-29WirelessMAN-OFDM
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WiMAX 2710Power density in dB−25
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WiMAX 273Table 5-37diversityPeak da
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WiMAX 275Table 5-41DL link budget e
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Future Mobile Communications Concep
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Wireless Local Area Networks 283MTB
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Wireless Local Area Networks 285fre
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Interaction Channel for DVB-T: DVB-
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References 297Table 5-58Parameters
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References 299[32] Taoka H., Higuch
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302 Additional Techniques for Capac
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304 Additional Techniques for Capac
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Page 360 and 361: 340 Definitions, Abbreviations, and
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Page 373 and 374: Index3GPP 218Adaptive techniques 19
Page 375: Index 355Forward error correction (
Page 379 and 380: Index 359Maximum likelihood paramet
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