Multi-Carrier and Spread Spectrum Systems: From OFDM and MC ...

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286 Applicationsrange of 1/2 up to 3/4. The different FEC and modulation combinations supported byIEEE 802.11a are shown in Table 5-47. This flexibility offers a good tradeoff betweenthe coverage and data rate.5.5.4 Transmission Performance5.5.4.1 Transmission CapacityAs shown in Table 5-48, the use of flexible channel coding and modulation in the IEEE802.11a standard provides eight physical modes (PHY modes), i.e. combinations of FECand modulation. The data rates that can be supported are in the range of 6 Mbit/s up to54 Mbit/s and depend on the coverage and channel conditions.It should be emphasized that the overall data rate in a cellular system is limited bythe coverage distance and the amount of interference due to a dense frequency re-use. Aglobal capacity optimization per cell (or per sector) can be achieved if the PHY modeTable 5-47 FEC and modulation parameters of IEEE 802.11aModulation Code rate R Coded bits per Coded bits per Data bits persub-channel OFDM symbol OFDM symbolBPSK 1/2 1 48 24BPSK 3/4 1 48 36QPSK 1/2 2 96 48QPSK 3/4 2 96 7216-QAM 1/2 4 192 9616-QAM 3/4 4 192 14464-QAM 2/3 6 288 19264-QAM 3/4 6 288 216Table 5-48 Data rates of IEEE 802.11aPHY modeData rate (Mbit/s)1 BPSK, CC1/2 62 BPSK, CC3/4 93 QPSK, CC1/2 124 QPSK, CC3/4 185 16-QAM, CC1/2 246 16-QAM, CC3/4 367 64-QAM, CC2/3 488 64-QAM, CC3/4 54
Interaction Channel for DVB-T: DVB-RCT 287is adapted to each terminal station link condition individually. Results in Reference [20]show that compared to a single PHY mode, the area spectral efficiency can be at leastdoubled if adaptive PHY modes are employed.5.5.4.2 Link BudgetThe transmit power, depending on the coverage distance, is given byP Tx = Pathloss + P Noise − G Antenna + FadeMargin + Rx loss + C N , (5.5)where( 4πfc d η/2 ) 2Pathloss = 10 log 10 (5.6)cis the propagation path loss, d represents the distance between the transmitter and thereceiver, f c is the carrier frequency, and c is the speed of light. In the case of WLANs,η can be estimated to be in the order of 3 to 5.P Noise = FN Thermal = FKTB (5.7)is the noise power at the receiver input, where F is the receiver noise factor (about 6 dB),K is the Boltzman constant (K = 1.38 × 10 −23 J/K), T is the temperature in K, and B istotal occupied Nyquist bandwidth. The noise power is expressed in dBm.G Antenna is the sum of the transmit and receive antenna gains, expressed in dBi. InWLANs, the terminal station antenna can be omni-directional with 0 dBi gain, but thebase station antenna may have a gain of about 14 dBi. The fade margin is the marginneeded to counteract the fading and is about 5 to 10 dB. Rx loss is the margin for allimplementation losses and all additional uncertainties such as interference. This margincan be about 5 dB. C/N is the carrier-to-noise power ratio (equivalent to E s /N 0 ) forBER = 10 −6 . By considering a transmission power of about 23 dBm and following theabove parameters, the maximum coverage for the robust PHY mode at 2.4 GHz carrierfrequency can be estimated to be about 300 m for an omni-directional antenna.The minimum receiver sensitivity thresholds for IEEE 802.11a, depending on the PHYmode, i.e. the data rate for a BER of 10 −6 , are given in Table 5-49. The receiver sensitivitythreshold Rx th is defined byRx th = P Noise + C N + Rx loss. (5.8)5.6 Interaction Channel for DVB-T: DVB-RCTThe VHF and the UHF frequency bands (typically from 120 to 860 MHz) are reservedespecially for broadcast TV services and similarly to convey uplink information fromthe subscriber premises, i.e. terminal stations, to the base station for interactive services.In addition to the uplink channel, interactive services also require a downlink channel
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Multi-Carrier andSpread SpectrumSys
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This edition first published 2008©
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Contentsix4.3.2 One-Dimensional Cha
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ForewordThis book discusses multi-c
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Preface (First Edition)Nowadays, mu
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AcknowledgementsThe authors would l
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2 Introductionambitious technologic
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4 IntroductionTables 1 and 2 summar
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6 IntroductionPower densityTimeFreq
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8 Introductiona high immunity again
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10 Introductionprocessing gain P G
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12 Introductionand interactive mult
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14 Introduction[43] Saltzberg, B. R
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16 FundamentalsBSTSFigure 1-1Time-v
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18 Fundamentalswhere p =|a p | 2 (1
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20 Fundamentalssuch that the effect
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22 FundamentalsTable 1-2 Delay powe
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24 Fundamentals(i) Fixed Positioned
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26 Fundamentalson sub-channel n of
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28 Fundamentals10 010 −1OFDM (OFD
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30 Fundamentalsin order to achieve
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32 FundamentalsThe discrete length
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34 FundamentalsThe following matrix
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36 FundamentalsTable 1-11Wireless l
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38 FundamentalsFrequency hopping (F
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40 FundamentalsFinally, a threshold
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42 Fundamentals1.3.3 Applications o
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44 FundamentalsTable 1-12Radio link
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46 FundamentalsOrthogonalV-SF codeF
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{{48 Fundamentalsdata symbolsspread
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50 FundamentalsCellular Mobile Radi
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52 Fundamentals[27] Haindl B., “M
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2MC-CDMA and MC-DS-CDMAIn this chap
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MC-CDMA 57whered = (d (0) ,d (1) ,.
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MC-CDMA 59i.e. the spreading is per
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MC-CDMA 61Table 2-1 PAPR bounds of
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MC-CDMA 632.1.4.4 Rotated Constella
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MC-CDMA 65After inverse OFDM the re
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MC-CDMA 67and requires only informa
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MC-CDMA 69hard interference evaluat
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MC-CDMA 71Thedataofthedesireduserk
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MC-CDMA 73L corresponds to the spre
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MC-CDMA 752.1.7 Combined Equalizati
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MC-CDMA 77broadcasting, WLAN, and W
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MC-CDMA 792.1.8.1 Log-Likelihood Ra
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MC-CDMA 81For coded MC-CDMA systems
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MC-CDMA 83where Q different user gr
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MC-CDMA 85Table 2-2MC-CDMA system p
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MC-CDMA 87first iteration. The opti
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MC-CDMA 8910 010 −110 −2BER10
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MC-CDMA 9110 010 −1BER10 −210
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MC-CDMA 9310 010 −110 −2BER10
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MC-DS-CDMA 95c (k) (t)f 00d (k)S/P+
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MC-DS-CDMA 97The user-specific dela
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MC-DS-CDMA 9910 010 −1BER10 −21
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References 101[7] Brüninghaus K. a
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References 103[49] Steiner B., “U
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106 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesI
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108 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemesw
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110 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemest
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112 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesO
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114 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesT
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116 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesA
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120 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemest
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122 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesA
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126 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemes[
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4Implementation IssuesA general PHY
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Multi-Carrier Modulation and Demodu
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Synchronization 139The performance
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Synchronization 141null symbol as a
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Synchronization 143resulting SNR ca
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Synchronization 145SNR Degradation
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Synchronization 147FFTr(k)estimated
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Synchronization 149the timing error
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Synchronization 151A first simple s
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Synchronization 153Transmitted 2 re
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Channel Estimation 155Special cases
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Channel Estimation 157The mean squa
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Channel Estimation 159by the second
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Channel Estimation 161Given the nor
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Channel Estimation 163and f D, filt
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Channel Estimation 16510 010 −110
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Channel Estimation 16710 010 −13
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Channel Estimation 169in order to r
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Channel Estimation 17110 010 −1BU
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Channel Estimation 173timefreq. 00
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Channel Coding and Decoding 1754.4.
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Channel Coding and Decoding 177Tabl
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Channel Coding and Decoding 179a (k
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Channel Coding and Decoding 181n rk
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Channel Coding and Decoding 183Bit
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Channel Coding and Decoding 185Bit
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Signal Constellation, Mapping, De-M
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Signal Constellation, Mapping, De-M
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Adaptive Techniques in Multi-Carrie
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RF Issues 193hence reduce, for inst
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RF Issues 195s(t)r(t)e jf(t)White n
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RF Issues 197receivedsignalto detec
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RF Issues 1994.7.2.1 Effects of Non
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RF Issues 2011e−011e−02UplinkDo
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RF Issues 203of data pre-distortion
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RF Issues 205Table 4-8Minimum total
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RF Issues 207Detection strategyIn t
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RF Issues 209above formula becomes(
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References 211[21] Fazel K., “Nar
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References 213[66] Nobilet S., Hela
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5Applications5.1 IntroductionThe de
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Introduction 217high speed as well
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 219H
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 221U
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 2231
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 227T
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 229C
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 233T
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Page 257 and 258: WiMAX 237Table 5-12 Downlink LTE sp
Page 259 and 260: WiMAX 239Wi-FiBusinessTSWiMAX BSTSM
Page 261 and 262: WiMAX 241Table 5-16Summary of the I
Page 263 and 264: WiMAX 243WiMAXInteroperabilityInter
Page 265 and 266: WiMAX 245UNIAirinterfaceSNITerminal
Page 267 and 268: WiMAX 247Radio ResourceControlIniti
Page 269 and 270: WiMAX 249Frame n−1 Frame n Frame
Page 271 and 272: WiMAX 251Read RF-Channel ListScan F
Page 273 and 274: WiMAX 253NormaloperationTS measures
Page 275 and 276: WiMAX 255Table 5-18Example of some
Page 277 and 278: WiMAX 257Total bandwidth (between 1
Page 279 and 280: WiMAX 259Sub-carriers (frequency)n0
Page 281 and 282: ApplicationsWiMAX 261Table 5-23 Gen
Page 283 and 284: WiMAX 263Table 5-27(OFDMA)FEC codin
Page 285 and 286: WiMAX 265M-QAMMappingSTC withSpatia
Page 287 and 288: WiMAX 267Frame n−1 Frame n Frame
Page 289 and 290: WiMAX 269Table 5-29WirelessMAN-OFDM
Page 291 and 292: WiMAX 2710Power density in dB−25
Page 293 and 294: WiMAX 273Table 5-37diversityPeak da
Page 295 and 296: WiMAX 275Table 5-41DL link budget e
Page 297 and 298: Future Mobile Communications Concep
Page 303 and 304: Wireless Local Area Networks 283MTB
Page 305: Wireless Local Area Networks 285fre
Page 309 and 310: Interaction Channel for DVB-T: DVB-
Page 317 and 318: References 297Table 5-58Parameters
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Page 322 and 323: 302 Additional Techniques for Capac
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336 Additional Techniques for Capac
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338 Additional Techniques for Capac
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340 Definitions, Abbreviations, and
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350 SymbolsG l,lGG [j]h(t)h(τ,t)H(
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Index3GPP 218Adaptive techniques 19
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Index 355Forward error correction (
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Index 357Multi-carrier modulation a
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Index 359Maximum likelihood paramet
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