Multi-Carrier and Spread Spectrum Systems: From OFDM and MC ...

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200 Implementation Issues1.0A satOutput Amplitude/Phase0.80.60.4AM/AM ConversionAM/PM Conversion0.20.00.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0Input AmplitudeFigure 4-61TWTA characteristicswhere in the above expressions the input and the output amplitudes are normalized bythe saturation amplitude A sat . This kind of amplifier has the most critical characteristicsdue to no one-to-one AM/AM conversion (no bijection) and the AM/PM conversion.In Figure 4-61, the normalized characteristics of a TWTA are illustrated. The AM/PMconversion versus the normalized input amplitude is given in radians.Solid State Power Amplifier (SSPA)For this type of amplifier the AM/AM and AM/PM conversions are given with somespecific parameters as follows [72, 80]:It can be seen that the SSPA adds no phase distortion.r n (t)R n (t) =(1 + rn 10(t))1/10φ(t) = ϕ(t) (4.90)Influence of HPA Non-linearityDS-CDMAAfter spreading with Gold codes [26] and BPSK modulation, the overall transmitted signalx(t) is obtained. For low OBO values, the signal y(t) at the output of the amplifier ishighly disturbed, which, after the receive filter h(t), leads to a non-linear channel withmemory characterized by wrapped output chips containing clusters, resulting in inter-chipinterference.Figure 4-62 shows the amplitude distribution (derived by simulations) of the filteredsignal before the HPA for the uplink with spreading code length L = 63 and energy per
RF Issues 2011e−011e−02UplinkDownlink (32 users)Downlink (63 users)Probability1e−031e−040.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0Input AmplitudeFigure 4-62Signal amplitude distribution with single-carrier DS-CDMAchip E c =−8 dB. It should be noticed that the distribution is presented in logarithmicscaling. It can be observed that this signal has low peak amplitudes.However, for high numbers of users in the downlink, the amplitude distribution of thetransmitted signal at the base station in the case of BPSK modulation can be approximatedby a Gaussian distribution with zero mean and variance ψ 2 . In Figure 4-62 theamplitude distributions (derived by simulations) for the downlink case for K = 32 (respectivelyK = 63) active users with L = 63 and average power = 10 log(K) + E c = 7dB(respectively 10 dB) are presented. It can be seen that high numbers of active users resultin high peak amplitude values. The presence of high peak amplitudes causes a highdegradation in the transmitted signal for low OBO values.MC-CDMAThe BPSK modulated information bits of each user k = 0,...,K − 1, are spread by thecorresponding spreading code, where Walsh–Hadamard codes are applied. For the uplink,the spread data symbol of user k ismappedontoN c sub-carriers of an OFDM symbol.For the downlink, the spread data of all active users are added synchronously and mappedon to the N c sub-carriers.Assuming perfect frequency interleaving, the input signal of the OFDM operation isstatistically independent. By using a high number of sub-carriers, the complex-valuedOFDM signal can be approximated by a complex-valued Gaussian distribution with zeromean and variance ψ 2 . Hence, the amplitude of the OFDM signal is Rayleigh distributedand the phase is uniformly distributed.Figure 4-63 shows the amplitude distribution of an MC-CDMA signal for the uplinkcase with a chip energy E c =−8 dB. This curve is derived by simulations withthe following parameters: L = 64,N c = 512 [27]. The MC-CDMA signal is Rayleigh
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Multi-Carrier andSpread SpectrumSys
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This edition first published 2008©
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Contentsix4.3.2 One-Dimensional Cha
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ForewordThis book discusses multi-c
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Preface (First Edition)Nowadays, mu
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AcknowledgementsThe authors would l
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2 Introductionambitious technologic
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4 IntroductionTables 1 and 2 summar
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6 IntroductionPower densityTimeFreq
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8 Introductiona high immunity again
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10 Introductionprocessing gain P G
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12 Introductionand interactive mult
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14 Introduction[43] Saltzberg, B. R
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16 FundamentalsBSTSFigure 1-1Time-v
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18 Fundamentalswhere p =|a p | 2 (1
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20 Fundamentalssuch that the effect
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22 FundamentalsTable 1-2 Delay powe
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24 Fundamentals(i) Fixed Positioned
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26 Fundamentalson sub-channel n of
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28 Fundamentals10 010 −1OFDM (OFD
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30 Fundamentalsin order to achieve
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32 FundamentalsThe discrete length
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34 FundamentalsThe following matrix
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36 FundamentalsTable 1-11Wireless l
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38 FundamentalsFrequency hopping (F
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40 FundamentalsFinally, a threshold
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42 Fundamentals1.3.3 Applications o
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44 FundamentalsTable 1-12Radio link
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46 FundamentalsOrthogonalV-SF codeF
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{{48 Fundamentalsdata symbolsspread
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50 FundamentalsCellular Mobile Radi
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52 Fundamentals[27] Haindl B., “M
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2MC-CDMA and MC-DS-CDMAIn this chap
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MC-CDMA 57whered = (d (0) ,d (1) ,.
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MC-CDMA 59i.e. the spreading is per
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MC-CDMA 61Table 2-1 PAPR bounds of
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MC-CDMA 632.1.4.4 Rotated Constella
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MC-CDMA 65After inverse OFDM the re
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MC-CDMA 67and requires only informa
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MC-CDMA 69hard interference evaluat
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MC-CDMA 71Thedataofthedesireduserk
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MC-CDMA 73L corresponds to the spre
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MC-CDMA 752.1.7 Combined Equalizati
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MC-CDMA 77broadcasting, WLAN, and W
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MC-CDMA 792.1.8.1 Log-Likelihood Ra
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MC-CDMA 81For coded MC-CDMA systems
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MC-CDMA 83where Q different user gr
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MC-CDMA 85Table 2-2MC-CDMA system p
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MC-CDMA 87first iteration. The opti
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MC-CDMA 8910 010 −110 −2BER10
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MC-CDMA 9110 010 −1BER10 −210
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MC-CDMA 9310 010 −110 −2BER10
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MC-DS-CDMA 95c (k) (t)f 00d (k)S/P+
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MC-DS-CDMA 97The user-specific dela
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MC-DS-CDMA 9910 010 −1BER10 −21
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References 101[7] Brüninghaus K. a
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References 103[49] Steiner B., “U
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106 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesI
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108 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemesw
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110 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemest
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112 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesO
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114 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesT
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116 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesA
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120 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemest
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122 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesA
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126 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemes[
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4Implementation IssuesA general PHY
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Multi-Carrier Modulation and Demodu
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Synchronization 139The performance
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Synchronization 141null symbol as a
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Synchronization 143resulting SNR ca
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Synchronization 145SNR Degradation
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Synchronization 147FFTr(k)estimated
Page 169 and 170: Synchronization 149the timing error
Page 171 and 172: Synchronization 151A first simple s
Page 173 and 174: Synchronization 153Transmitted 2 re
Page 175 and 176: Channel Estimation 155Special cases
Page 177 and 178: Channel Estimation 157The mean squa
Page 179 and 180: Channel Estimation 159by the second
Page 181 and 182: Channel Estimation 161Given the nor
Page 183 and 184: Channel Estimation 163and f D, filt
Page 185 and 186: Channel Estimation 16510 010 −110
Page 187 and 188: Channel Estimation 16710 010 −13
Page 189 and 190: Channel Estimation 169in order to r
Page 191 and 192: Channel Estimation 17110 010 −1BU
Page 193 and 194: Channel Estimation 173timefreq. 00
Page 195 and 196: Channel Coding and Decoding 1754.4.
Page 197 and 198: Channel Coding and Decoding 177Tabl
Page 199 and 200: Channel Coding and Decoding 179a (k
Page 201 and 202: Channel Coding and Decoding 181n rk
Page 203 and 204: Channel Coding and Decoding 183Bit
Page 205 and 206: Channel Coding and Decoding 185Bit
Page 207 and 208: Signal Constellation, Mapping, De-M
Page 209 and 210: Signal Constellation, Mapping, De-M
Page 211 and 212: Adaptive Techniques in Multi-Carrie
Page 213 and 214: RF Issues 193hence reduce, for inst
Page 215 and 216: RF Issues 195s(t)r(t)e jf(t)White n
Page 217 and 218: RF Issues 197receivedsignalto detec
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Page 223 and 224: RF Issues 203of data pre-distortion
Page 225 and 226: RF Issues 205Table 4-8Minimum total
Page 227 and 228: RF Issues 207Detection strategyIn t
Page 229 and 230: RF Issues 209above formula becomes(
Page 231 and 232: References 211[21] Fazel K., “Nar
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Page 235 and 236: 5Applications5.1 IntroductionThe de
Page 237 and 238: Introduction 217high speed as well
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Page 257 and 258: WiMAX 237Table 5-12 Downlink LTE sp
Page 259 and 260: WiMAX 239Wi-FiBusinessTSWiMAX BSTSM
Page 261 and 262: WiMAX 241Table 5-16Summary of the I
Page 263 and 264: WiMAX 243WiMAXInteroperabilityInter
Page 265 and 266: WiMAX 245UNIAirinterfaceSNITerminal
Page 267 and 268: WiMAX 247Radio ResourceControlIniti
Page 269 and 270: WiMAX 249Frame n−1 Frame n Frame
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WiMAX 251Read RF-Channel ListScan F
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WiMAX 253NormaloperationTS measures
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WiMAX 255Table 5-18Example of some
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WiMAX 257Total bandwidth (between 1
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WiMAX 259Sub-carriers (frequency)n0
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ApplicationsWiMAX 261Table 5-23 Gen
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WiMAX 263Table 5-27(OFDMA)FEC codin
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WiMAX 265M-QAMMappingSTC withSpatia
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WiMAX 267Frame n−1 Frame n Frame
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WiMAX 269Table 5-29WirelessMAN-OFDM
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WiMAX 2710Power density in dB−25
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WiMAX 273Table 5-37diversityPeak da
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WiMAX 275Table 5-41DL link budget e
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Future Mobile Communications Concep
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Wireless Local Area Networks 283MTB
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Wireless Local Area Networks 285fre
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Interaction Channel for DVB-T: DVB-
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References 297Table 5-58Parameters
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References 299[32] Taoka H., Higuch
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302 Additional Techniques for Capac
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340 Definitions, Abbreviations, and
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350 SymbolsG l,lGG [j]h(t)h(τ,t)H(
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Index3GPP 218Adaptive techniques 19
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Index 355Forward error correction (
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Index 357Multi-carrier modulation a
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Index 359Maximum likelihood paramet
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