Multi-Carrier and Spread Spectrum Systems: From OFDM and MC ...

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282 ApplicationsTable 5-45System parameters for the MC-DS-CDMA uplinkParametersMultiple accessBandwidth BData rate objectiveCharacteristics/valuesMC-DS-CDMA40 MHz> 20 Mbit/sSpreading code length L 1–256Number of sub-carriers N c 2Sub-carrier spacing F sChip rate per sub-carrier20 MHzRoll-off factor 0.2216.384 McpsTotal OFDM symbol duration T ′s 9.259 µsNumber of chips per frame 8192Frame length T fr 500 µsSymbol mappingQPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAMChannel code Convolutional Turbo code, memory 4Channel code rate R 1/16–3/4Average throughput (Mbps)252015105Turbocoding (K = 4), SF = 4, QPSK2-branch antenna diversity reception6-path exponential decayedRayleigh fading ( fD = 20 Hz)R = 1/3, 1 codeR = 1/3, 2 codesR = 1/3, 3 codesR = 1/2, 3 codes0−8 −4 0 4 8 12 16Average received Es/N0 per antenna (dB)Figure 5-48 Throughput with MC-DS-CDMA in the uplink [10]
Wireless Local Area Networks 283MTBSbackbone networkMTMTBSMTBSMTFigure 5-49WLAN as an infrastructure network5.5 Wireless Local Area NetworksLocal area networks typically cover a story or building and their wireless realizationshould avoid complex installation of a wired infrastructure. WLANs are used in publicand private environments and support high data rates. They are less expensive than wirednetworks for the same data rate, are simple and fast to install, offer flexibility and mobility,and are cost efficient due to the possibility of license exempt operation.5.5.1 Network TopologyWLANs can be designed for infrastructure networks, ad hoc networks, or combinationsof both. The mobile terminals (MTs) in infrastructure networks communicate via the basestations (BSs), which control the multiple access. The base stations are linked to eachother by a wireless (e.g. FWA) or wired backbone network. Infrastructure networks haveaccess to other networks like the Internet. The principle of an infrastructure network isillustrated in Figure 5-49.In ad hoc networks, the mobile terminals communicate directly with each other. Thesenetworks are more flexible than infrastructure networks but require a higher complexityin the mobile terminals since they have to control the complete multiple access as in abase station. The communication within ad hoc networks is illustrated in Figure 5-50.5.5.2 Channel CharacteristicsWLAN systems often use the license exempt 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz frequency bands, whichhave strict limitations on the maximum transmit power since these frequency bands arealso used by many other communications systems. This versatile use of the frequencyband results in different types of narrowband and wideband interference, such as from amicrowave oven, which the WLAN system has to cope with.The WLAN cell size is up to several 100 m and multi-path propagation typically resultsin maximum delays of less than 1 µs. The mobility in WLAN cells is low and correspondsto a walking speed of about 1 m/s. The low Doppler spread in the order of 10–20 Hz makesOFDM very interesting for high rate WLAN systems.
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Multi-Carrier andSpread SpectrumSys
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This edition first published 2008©
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Contentsix4.3.2 One-Dimensional Cha
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ForewordThis book discusses multi-c
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Preface (First Edition)Nowadays, mu
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AcknowledgementsThe authors would l
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2 Introductionambitious technologic
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4 IntroductionTables 1 and 2 summar
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6 IntroductionPower densityTimeFreq
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8 Introductiona high immunity again
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10 Introductionprocessing gain P G
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12 Introductionand interactive mult
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14 Introduction[43] Saltzberg, B. R
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16 FundamentalsBSTSFigure 1-1Time-v
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18 Fundamentalswhere p =|a p | 2 (1
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20 Fundamentalssuch that the effect
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22 FundamentalsTable 1-2 Delay powe
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24 Fundamentals(i) Fixed Positioned
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26 Fundamentalson sub-channel n of
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28 Fundamentals10 010 −1OFDM (OFD
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30 Fundamentalsin order to achieve
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32 FundamentalsThe discrete length
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34 FundamentalsThe following matrix
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36 FundamentalsTable 1-11Wireless l
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38 FundamentalsFrequency hopping (F
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40 FundamentalsFinally, a threshold
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42 Fundamentals1.3.3 Applications o
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44 FundamentalsTable 1-12Radio link
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46 FundamentalsOrthogonalV-SF codeF
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{{48 Fundamentalsdata symbolsspread
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50 FundamentalsCellular Mobile Radi
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52 Fundamentals[27] Haindl B., “M
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2MC-CDMA and MC-DS-CDMAIn this chap
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MC-CDMA 57whered = (d (0) ,d (1) ,.
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MC-CDMA 59i.e. the spreading is per
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MC-CDMA 61Table 2-1 PAPR bounds of
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MC-CDMA 632.1.4.4 Rotated Constella
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MC-CDMA 65After inverse OFDM the re
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MC-CDMA 67and requires only informa
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MC-CDMA 69hard interference evaluat
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MC-CDMA 71Thedataofthedesireduserk
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MC-CDMA 73L corresponds to the spre
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MC-CDMA 752.1.7 Combined Equalizati
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MC-CDMA 77broadcasting, WLAN, and W
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MC-CDMA 792.1.8.1 Log-Likelihood Ra
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MC-CDMA 81For coded MC-CDMA systems
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MC-CDMA 83where Q different user gr
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MC-CDMA 85Table 2-2MC-CDMA system p
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MC-CDMA 87first iteration. The opti
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MC-CDMA 8910 010 −110 −2BER10
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MC-CDMA 9110 010 −1BER10 −210
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MC-CDMA 9310 010 −110 −2BER10
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MC-DS-CDMA 95c (k) (t)f 00d (k)S/P+
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MC-DS-CDMA 97The user-specific dela
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MC-DS-CDMA 9910 010 −1BER10 −21
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References 101[7] Brüninghaus K. a
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References 103[49] Steiner B., “U
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106 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesI
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108 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemesw
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110 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemest
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112 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesO
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114 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesT
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116 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesA
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120 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemest
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122 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesA
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126 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemes[
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4Implementation IssuesA general PHY
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Multi-Carrier Modulation and Demodu
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Synchronization 139The performance
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Synchronization 141null symbol as a
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Synchronization 143resulting SNR ca
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Synchronization 145SNR Degradation
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Synchronization 147FFTr(k)estimated
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Synchronization 149the timing error
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Synchronization 151A first simple s
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Synchronization 153Transmitted 2 re
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Channel Estimation 155Special cases
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Channel Estimation 157The mean squa
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Channel Estimation 159by the second
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Channel Estimation 161Given the nor
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Channel Estimation 163and f D, filt
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Channel Estimation 16510 010 −110
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Channel Estimation 16710 010 −13
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Channel Estimation 169in order to r
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Channel Estimation 17110 010 −1BU
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Channel Estimation 173timefreq. 00
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Channel Coding and Decoding 1754.4.
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Channel Coding and Decoding 177Tabl
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Channel Coding and Decoding 179a (k
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Channel Coding and Decoding 181n rk
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Channel Coding and Decoding 183Bit
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Channel Coding and Decoding 185Bit
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Signal Constellation, Mapping, De-M
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Signal Constellation, Mapping, De-M
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Adaptive Techniques in Multi-Carrie
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RF Issues 193hence reduce, for inst
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RF Issues 195s(t)r(t)e jf(t)White n
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RF Issues 197receivedsignalto detec
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RF Issues 1994.7.2.1 Effects of Non
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RF Issues 2011e−011e−02UplinkDo
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RF Issues 203of data pre-distortion
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RF Issues 205Table 4-8Minimum total
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RF Issues 207Detection strategyIn t
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RF Issues 209above formula becomes(
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References 211[21] Fazel K., “Nar
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References 213[66] Nobilet S., Hela
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5Applications5.1 IntroductionThe de
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Introduction 217high speed as well
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 219H
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 221U
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 2231
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 2251
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 227T
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 229C
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Page 257 and 258: WiMAX 237Table 5-12 Downlink LTE sp
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Page 261 and 262: WiMAX 241Table 5-16Summary of the I
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Page 265 and 266: WiMAX 245UNIAirinterfaceSNITerminal
Page 267 and 268: WiMAX 247Radio ResourceControlIniti
Page 269 and 270: WiMAX 249Frame n−1 Frame n Frame
Page 271 and 272: WiMAX 251Read RF-Channel ListScan F
Page 273 and 274: WiMAX 253NormaloperationTS measures
Page 275 and 276: WiMAX 255Table 5-18Example of some
Page 277 and 278: WiMAX 257Total bandwidth (between 1
Page 279 and 280: WiMAX 259Sub-carriers (frequency)n0
Page 281 and 282: ApplicationsWiMAX 261Table 5-23 Gen
Page 283 and 284: WiMAX 263Table 5-27(OFDMA)FEC codin
Page 285 and 286: WiMAX 265M-QAMMappingSTC withSpatia
Page 287 and 288: WiMAX 267Frame n−1 Frame n Frame
Page 289 and 290: WiMAX 269Table 5-29WirelessMAN-OFDM
Page 291 and 292: WiMAX 2710Power density in dB−25
Page 293 and 294: WiMAX 273Table 5-37diversityPeak da
Page 295 and 296: WiMAX 275Table 5-41DL link budget e
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Page 307 and 308: Interaction Channel for DVB-T: DVB-
Page 317 and 318: References 297Table 5-58Parameters
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332 Additional Techniques for Capac
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340 Definitions, Abbreviations, and
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350 SymbolsG l,lGG [j]h(t)h(τ,t)H(
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Index3GPP 218Adaptive techniques 19
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Index 355Forward error correction (
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Index 357Multi-carrier modulation a
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Index 359Maximum likelihood paramet
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Multi-Carrier and Spread Spectrum Systems: From OFDM and MC ...

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