Multi-Carrier and Spread Spectrum Systems: From OFDM and MC ...

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288 ApplicationsTable 5-49 Minimum receiver sensitivitythresholds for IEEE 802.11aNominal bit rate (Mbit/s) Minimum sensitivity6 −85 dBm9 −83 dBm12 −81 dBm18 −79 dBm24 −76 dBm36 −73 dBm48 −70 dBm54 −68 dBmfor transmitting messages, uplink channel access control commands, and other data. Thedownlink interactive information can be either embedded in the broadcast channels ordefined as a standalone channel specifically devoted to interaction with subscribers.5.6.1 Network TopologyA DVB-T interactive network architecture is illustrated in Figure 5-52 [17]. This couldbe seen as a point to multi-point (PMP) network topology consisting of a base stationand several subscribers (terminal stations). Like other digital access networks, DVB-RCT networks are also intended to offer a variety of services requiring different datarates. Therefore, the multiple access scheme needs to be flexible in terms of data rateassignment to each subscriber. Furthermore, another major constraint for the choice ofthe parameters of the DVB-RCT specification is to employ the existing infrastructurealready used for broadcast DVB-T services.As shown in Figure 5-53, the interactive downlink path is embedded in the broadcastchannel, exploiting the existing DVB-T infrastructure [18]. The access for the uplinkinteractive channels carrying the return interaction path data is based on a combinationof OFDMA and TDMA type of multiple access scheme [17].The downlink interactive information data are made up of MPEG-2 transport streampackets with a specific header that carries the medium access control (MAC) managementdata. The MAC messages control the access of the subscribers, i.e. terminal stations, tothe shared medium. These embedded MPEG-2 transport stream packets are carried in theDVB-T broadcast channel (see Figure 5-53).The uplink interactive information is mainly made up of ATM cells mapped on tophysical bursts. ATM cells include application data messages and MAC managementdata.To allow access by multiple users, the VHF/UHF radio frequency return channel ispartitioned both in the frequency and time domain, using frequency division and timedivision. Each subscriber can transmit his or her data for a given period of time on a
Interaction Channel for DVB-T: DVB-RCT 289Uplink return channelDVB-Tbase stationtranceiverUplink return channelUplink return channelSubscribersDownlink broadcastFigure 5-52DVB-RCT network architectureBroadcastServiceProviderMPEGprog. streamDVB-TTransmitterDVB-TBroadcastDVB-TReceiverDVB-TTV-Prog.InteractiveServiceProviderDownlinkpath dataUplinkpath dataMACDVB-RCTReceiverBase Station (BS)with interactive servicesDownlink interaction pathDVB-RCTReturnchannelUplink interaction pathMACDLinteractivemessagesand synch.DVB-RCTTransmitterTerminal Station (TS)with interactive servicesInteractivedata from/tothe userFigure 5-53Overview of the DVB-RCT standardgiven sub-carrier, resulting in a combination of OFDMA and TDMA type of multipleaccess.A global synchronization signal, required for the correct operation of the uplink demodulatorat the base station, is transmitted to all users via global DVB-T timing signals.Time synchronization signals are conveyed to all users through the broadcast channel,either within the MPEG-2 transport stream or via global DVB-T timing signals. In otherwords, the DVB-RCT frequency synchronization is derived from the broadcast DVB-T
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Multi-Carrier andSpread SpectrumSys
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This edition first published 2008©
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Contentsix4.3.2 One-Dimensional Cha
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ForewordThis book discusses multi-c
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Preface (First Edition)Nowadays, mu
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AcknowledgementsThe authors would l
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2 Introductionambitious technologic
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4 IntroductionTables 1 and 2 summar
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6 IntroductionPower densityTimeFreq
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8 Introductiona high immunity again
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10 Introductionprocessing gain P G
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12 Introductionand interactive mult
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14 Introduction[43] Saltzberg, B. R
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16 FundamentalsBSTSFigure 1-1Time-v
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18 Fundamentalswhere p =|a p | 2 (1
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20 Fundamentalssuch that the effect
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22 FundamentalsTable 1-2 Delay powe
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24 Fundamentals(i) Fixed Positioned
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26 Fundamentalson sub-channel n of
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28 Fundamentals10 010 −1OFDM (OFD
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30 Fundamentalsin order to achieve
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32 FundamentalsThe discrete length
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34 FundamentalsThe following matrix
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36 FundamentalsTable 1-11Wireless l
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38 FundamentalsFrequency hopping (F
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40 FundamentalsFinally, a threshold
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42 Fundamentals1.3.3 Applications o
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44 FundamentalsTable 1-12Radio link
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46 FundamentalsOrthogonalV-SF codeF
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{{48 Fundamentalsdata symbolsspread
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50 FundamentalsCellular Mobile Radi
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52 Fundamentals[27] Haindl B., “M
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2MC-CDMA and MC-DS-CDMAIn this chap
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MC-CDMA 57whered = (d (0) ,d (1) ,.
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MC-CDMA 59i.e. the spreading is per
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MC-CDMA 61Table 2-1 PAPR bounds of
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MC-CDMA 632.1.4.4 Rotated Constella
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MC-CDMA 65After inverse OFDM the re
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MC-CDMA 67and requires only informa
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MC-CDMA 69hard interference evaluat
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MC-CDMA 71Thedataofthedesireduserk
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MC-CDMA 73L corresponds to the spre
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MC-CDMA 752.1.7 Combined Equalizati
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MC-CDMA 77broadcasting, WLAN, and W
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MC-CDMA 792.1.8.1 Log-Likelihood Ra
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MC-CDMA 81For coded MC-CDMA systems
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MC-CDMA 83where Q different user gr
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MC-CDMA 85Table 2-2MC-CDMA system p
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MC-CDMA 87first iteration. The opti
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MC-CDMA 8910 010 −110 −2BER10
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MC-CDMA 9110 010 −1BER10 −210
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MC-CDMA 9310 010 −110 −2BER10
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MC-DS-CDMA 95c (k) (t)f 00d (k)S/P+
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MC-DS-CDMA 97The user-specific dela
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MC-DS-CDMA 9910 010 −1BER10 −21
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References 101[7] Brüninghaus K. a
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References 103[49] Steiner B., “U
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106 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesI
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108 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemesw
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110 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemest
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112 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesO
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114 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesT
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116 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesA
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120 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemest
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122 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesA
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126 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemes[
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4Implementation IssuesA general PHY
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Multi-Carrier Modulation and Demodu
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Synchronization 139The performance
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Synchronization 141null symbol as a
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Synchronization 143resulting SNR ca
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Synchronization 145SNR Degradation
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Synchronization 147FFTr(k)estimated
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Synchronization 149the timing error
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Synchronization 151A first simple s
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Synchronization 153Transmitted 2 re
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Channel Estimation 155Special cases
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Channel Estimation 157The mean squa
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Channel Estimation 159by the second
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Channel Estimation 161Given the nor
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Channel Estimation 163and f D, filt
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Channel Estimation 16510 010 −110
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Channel Estimation 16710 010 −13
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Channel Estimation 169in order to r
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Channel Estimation 17110 010 −1BU
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Channel Estimation 173timefreq. 00
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Channel Coding and Decoding 1754.4.
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Channel Coding and Decoding 177Tabl
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Channel Coding and Decoding 179a (k
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Channel Coding and Decoding 181n rk
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Channel Coding and Decoding 183Bit
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Channel Coding and Decoding 185Bit
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Signal Constellation, Mapping, De-M
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Signal Constellation, Mapping, De-M
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Adaptive Techniques in Multi-Carrie
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RF Issues 193hence reduce, for inst
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RF Issues 195s(t)r(t)e jf(t)White n
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RF Issues 197receivedsignalto detec
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RF Issues 1994.7.2.1 Effects of Non
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RF Issues 2011e−011e−02UplinkDo
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RF Issues 203of data pre-distortion
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RF Issues 205Table 4-8Minimum total
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RF Issues 207Detection strategyIn t
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RF Issues 209above formula becomes(
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References 211[21] Fazel K., “Nar
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References 213[66] Nobilet S., Hela
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5Applications5.1 IntroductionThe de
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Introduction 217high speed as well
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 219H
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 221U
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 2231
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 227T
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 229C
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Page 257 and 258: WiMAX 237Table 5-12 Downlink LTE sp
Page 259 and 260: WiMAX 239Wi-FiBusinessTSWiMAX BSTSM
Page 261 and 262: WiMAX 241Table 5-16Summary of the I
Page 263 and 264: WiMAX 243WiMAXInteroperabilityInter
Page 265 and 266: WiMAX 245UNIAirinterfaceSNITerminal
Page 267 and 268: WiMAX 247Radio ResourceControlIniti
Page 269 and 270: WiMAX 249Frame n−1 Frame n Frame
Page 271 and 272: WiMAX 251Read RF-Channel ListScan F
Page 273 and 274: WiMAX 253NormaloperationTS measures
Page 275 and 276: WiMAX 255Table 5-18Example of some
Page 277 and 278: WiMAX 257Total bandwidth (between 1
Page 279 and 280: WiMAX 259Sub-carriers (frequency)n0
Page 281 and 282: ApplicationsWiMAX 261Table 5-23 Gen
Page 283 and 284: WiMAX 263Table 5-27(OFDMA)FEC codin
Page 285 and 286: WiMAX 265M-QAMMappingSTC withSpatia
Page 287 and 288: WiMAX 267Frame n−1 Frame n Frame
Page 289 and 290: WiMAX 269Table 5-29WirelessMAN-OFDM
Page 291 and 292: WiMAX 2710Power density in dB−25
Page 293 and 294: WiMAX 273Table 5-37diversityPeak da
Page 295 and 296: WiMAX 275Table 5-41DL link budget e
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Page 303 and 304: Wireless Local Area Networks 283MTB
Page 305 and 306: Wireless Local Area Networks 285fre
Page 307: Interaction Channel for DVB-T: DVB-
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Page 317 and 318: References 297Table 5-58Parameters
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338 Additional Techniques for Capac
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340 Definitions, Abbreviations, and
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350 SymbolsG l,lGG [j]h(t)h(τ,t)H(
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Index3GPP 218Adaptive techniques 19
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Index 355Forward error correction (
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Index 357Multi-carrier modulation a
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Index 359Maximum likelihood paramet
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