Multi-Carrier and Spread Spectrum Systems: From OFDM and MC ...

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36 FundamentalsTable 1-11Wireless local loop (WLL) standardsParameterBandwidthIEEE 802.16d, ETSI HIPERMANFrom 1.5 to 28 MHzNumber of sub-carriers N c 256 (OFDM mode) 2048 (OFDMA mode)Symbol duration T s From 8 to 125 µs From 64 to 1024 µs(Depending on bandwidth) (Depending on bandwidth)Guard time T gModulationFEC codingMax. data rate (in a 7 MHzchannel)From 1/32 up to 1/4 of T sQPSK, 16-QAM, and 64-QAMReed Solomon + convolutionalwith code rate 1/2 up to 5/6Up to 26 Mbit/s1.3 Spread Spectrum TechniquesSpread spectrum systems have been developed since the mid-1950s. The initial applicationshave been military anti-jamming tactical communications, guidance systems, andexperimental anti-multi-path systems [44, 48].Literally, a spread spectrum system is a system in which the transmitted signal isspread over a wide frequency band, much wider than the minimum bandwidth requiredto transmit the information being sent (see Figure 1-9). Band spreading is accomplishedby means of a code which is independent of the data. A reception synchronized to thecode is used to de-spread and recover the data at the receiver [52, 53].There are many application fields for spreading the spectrum [14]:– Anti-jamming– Interference rejection– Low probability of interceptPower densitySignal bandwidth B s before spreadingSignal bandwidth B after spreadingFrequencyFigure 1-9Power spectral density after direct sequence spreading
Spread Spectrum Techniques 37– Multiple access– Multi-path reception– Diversity reception– High resolution ranging– Accurate universal timingThere are two primary spread spectrum concepts for multiple access: direct sequencecode division multiple access (DS-CDMA) and frequency hopping code division multipleaccess (FH-CDMA).The general principle behind DS-CDMA is that the information signal with bandwidthB s is spread over a bandwidth B, whereB ≫ B s . The processing gain is specified asP G = B B s. (1.50)The higher the processing gain, the lower the power density needed to transmit theinformation. If the bandwidth is very large, the signal can be transmitted in such a way thatit appears like noise. Here, for instance, ultra wideband (UWB) systems (see Chapter 3)can be mentioned as an example [42]. One basic design problem with DS-CDMA is that,when multiple users access the same spectrum, it is possible that a single user could maskall other users at the receiver side if its power level is too high. Hence, accurate powercontrol is an inherent part of any DS-CDMA system [44].For signal spreading, pseudo-random noise (PN) codes with good cross- and autocorrelationproperties are used [43]. A PN code is made up of a number of chips formixing the data with the code (see Figure 1-10). In order to recover the received signal,the code with which the signal was spread in the transmitter is reproduced in the receiverand mixed with the spread signal. If the incoming signal and the locally generated PN codeare synchronized, the original signal after correlation can be recovered. In a multi-userenvironment, the user signals are distinguished by different PN codes and the receiverneeds only knowledge of the user’s PN code and has to synchronize with it. This principleof user separation is referred to as DS-CDMA. The longer the PN code, the more noiselikesignals appear. The drawback is that synchronization becomes more difficult unlesssynchronization information such as pilot signals is sent to aid acquisition.spreading codedata symbolscarrier f c0 1. L-1spread data symbols0 1. L-1 0 1 . L-1 0 1 . L-1 0 1 . L-1Figure 1-10Principle of DS-CDMA
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Multi-Carrier andSpread SpectrumSys
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Page 11 and 12: Contentsix4.3.2 One-Dimensional Cha
Page 13: ForewordThis book discusses multi-c
Page 17 and 18: Preface (First Edition)Nowadays, mu
Page 19: AcknowledgementsThe authors would l
Page 22 and 23: 2 Introductionambitious technologic
Page 24 and 25: 4 IntroductionTables 1 and 2 summar
Page 26 and 27: 6 IntroductionPower densityTimeFreq
Page 28 and 29: 8 Introductiona high immunity again
Page 30 and 31: 10 Introductionprocessing gain P G
Page 32 and 33: 12 Introductionand interactive mult
Page 34 and 35: 14 Introduction[43] Saltzberg, B. R
Page 36 and 37: 16 FundamentalsBSTSFigure 1-1Time-v
Page 38 and 39: 18 Fundamentalswhere p =|a p | 2 (1
Page 40 and 41: 20 Fundamentalssuch that the effect
Page 42 and 43: 22 FundamentalsTable 1-2 Delay powe
Page 44 and 45: 24 Fundamentals(i) Fixed Positioned
Page 46 and 47: 26 Fundamentalson sub-channel n of
Page 48 and 49: 28 Fundamentals10 010 −1OFDM (OFD
Page 50 and 51: 30 Fundamentalsin order to achieve
Page 52 and 53: 32 FundamentalsThe discrete length
Page 54 and 55: 34 FundamentalsThe following matrix
Page 58 and 59: 38 FundamentalsFrequency hopping (F
Page 60 and 61: 40 FundamentalsFinally, a threshold
Page 62 and 63: 42 Fundamentals1.3.3 Applications o
Page 64 and 65: 44 FundamentalsTable 1-12Radio link
Page 66 and 67: 46 FundamentalsOrthogonalV-SF codeF
Page 68 and 69: {{48 Fundamentalsdata symbolsspread
Page 70 and 71: 50 FundamentalsCellular Mobile Radi
Page 72 and 73: 52 Fundamentals[27] Haindl B., “M
Page 75 and 76: 2MC-CDMA and MC-DS-CDMAIn this chap
Page 77 and 78: MC-CDMA 57whered = (d (0) ,d (1) ,.
Page 79 and 80: MC-CDMA 59i.e. the spreading is per
Page 81 and 82: MC-CDMA 61Table 2-1 PAPR bounds of
Page 83 and 84: MC-CDMA 632.1.4.4 Rotated Constella
Page 85 and 86: MC-CDMA 65After inverse OFDM the re
Page 87 and 88: MC-CDMA 67and requires only informa
Page 89 and 90: MC-CDMA 69hard interference evaluat
Page 91 and 92: MC-CDMA 71Thedataofthedesireduserk
Page 93 and 94: MC-CDMA 73L corresponds to the spre
Page 95 and 96: MC-CDMA 752.1.7 Combined Equalizati
Page 97 and 98: MC-CDMA 77broadcasting, WLAN, and W
Page 99 and 100: MC-CDMA 792.1.8.1 Log-Likelihood Ra
Page 101 and 102: MC-CDMA 81For coded MC-CDMA systems
Page 103 and 104: MC-CDMA 83where Q different user gr
Page 105 and 106: MC-CDMA 85Table 2-2MC-CDMA system p
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MC-CDMA 87first iteration. The opti
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MC-CDMA 8910 010 −110 −2BER10
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MC-CDMA 9110 010 −1BER10 −210
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MC-CDMA 9310 010 −110 −2BER10
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MC-DS-CDMA 95c (k) (t)f 00d (k)S/P+
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MC-DS-CDMA 97The user-specific dela
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MC-DS-CDMA 9910 010 −1BER10 −21
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References 101[7] Brüninghaus K. a
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References 103[49] Steiner B., “U
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106 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesI
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108 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemesw
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110 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemest
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112 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesO
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114 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesT
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116 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesA
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120 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemest
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122 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesA
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126 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemes[
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4Implementation IssuesA general PHY
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Multi-Carrier Modulation and Demodu
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Synchronization 139The performance
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Synchronization 141null symbol as a
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Synchronization 143resulting SNR ca
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Synchronization 145SNR Degradation
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Synchronization 147FFTr(k)estimated
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Synchronization 149the timing error
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Synchronization 151A first simple s
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Synchronization 153Transmitted 2 re
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Channel Estimation 155Special cases
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Channel Estimation 157The mean squa
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Channel Estimation 159by the second
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Channel Estimation 161Given the nor
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Channel Estimation 163and f D, filt
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Channel Estimation 16510 010 −110
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Channel Estimation 16710 010 −13
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Channel Estimation 169in order to r
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Channel Estimation 17110 010 −1BU
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Channel Estimation 173timefreq. 00
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Channel Coding and Decoding 1754.4.
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Channel Coding and Decoding 177Tabl
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Channel Coding and Decoding 179a (k
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Channel Coding and Decoding 181n rk
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Channel Coding and Decoding 183Bit
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Channel Coding and Decoding 185Bit
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Signal Constellation, Mapping, De-M
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Signal Constellation, Mapping, De-M
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Adaptive Techniques in Multi-Carrie
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RF Issues 193hence reduce, for inst
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RF Issues 195s(t)r(t)e jf(t)White n
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RF Issues 197receivedsignalto detec
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RF Issues 1994.7.2.1 Effects of Non
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RF Issues 2011e−011e−02UplinkDo
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RF Issues 203of data pre-distortion
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RF Issues 205Table 4-8Minimum total
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RF Issues 207Detection strategyIn t
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RF Issues 209above formula becomes(
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References 211[21] Fazel K., “Nar
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References 213[66] Nobilet S., Hela
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5Applications5.1 IntroductionThe de
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Introduction 217high speed as well
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 219H
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 221U
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 2231
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 227T
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 229C
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WiMAX 237Table 5-12 Downlink LTE sp
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WiMAX 239Wi-FiBusinessTSWiMAX BSTSM
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WiMAX 241Table 5-16Summary of the I
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WiMAX 243WiMAXInteroperabilityInter
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WiMAX 245UNIAirinterfaceSNITerminal
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WiMAX 247Radio ResourceControlIniti
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WiMAX 249Frame n−1 Frame n Frame
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WiMAX 251Read RF-Channel ListScan F
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WiMAX 253NormaloperationTS measures
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WiMAX 255Table 5-18Example of some
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WiMAX 257Total bandwidth (between 1
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WiMAX 259Sub-carriers (frequency)n0
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ApplicationsWiMAX 261Table 5-23 Gen
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WiMAX 263Table 5-27(OFDMA)FEC codin
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WiMAX 265M-QAMMappingSTC withSpatia
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WiMAX 267Frame n−1 Frame n Frame
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WiMAX 269Table 5-29WirelessMAN-OFDM
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WiMAX 2710Power density in dB−25
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WiMAX 273Table 5-37diversityPeak da
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WiMAX 275Table 5-41DL link budget e
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Future Mobile Communications Concep
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Wireless Local Area Networks 283MTB
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Wireless Local Area Networks 285fre
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Interaction Channel for DVB-T: DVB-
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References 297Table 5-58Parameters
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References 299[32] Taoka H., Higuch
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302 Additional Techniques for Capac
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340 Definitions, Abbreviations, and
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350 SymbolsG l,lGG [j]h(t)h(τ,t)H(
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Index3GPP 218Adaptive techniques 19
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Index 355Forward error correction (
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Index 357Multi-carrier modulation a
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Index 359Maximum likelihood paramet
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Multi-Carrier and Spread Spectrum Systems: From OFDM and MC ...

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