Multi-Carrier and Spread Spectrum Systems: From OFDM and MC ...

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334 Additional Techniques for Capacity and Flexibility EnhancementBaseband and digital IFBaseband and digital IFProgrammablehardwareD/ARFRFA/DProgrammablehardwareControllerControllerTransmitterFigure 6-35ReceiverBasic concept of SDR implementationAnalog filterDigital channelselection filterFrequencyFigure 6-36Channel selection filter in the digital domain(RF) stage with a direct down-conversion or at some intermediate (IF) stage. In contrastto the conventional multi-hardware radio, channel selection filtering will be done in thedigital domain (see Figure 6-36). However, it should be noticed that if the A/D converteris placed too close to the antenna, it has to convert a lot of useless signals together withthe desired signal. Consequently, the A/D converter would have to use a resolution that isfar too high for its task, therefore leading to a high sampling rate that would increase thecost. Digital programmable hardware components such as digital signal processors (DSPs)or field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) can, besides the baseband signal processingtasks, execute some digital intermediate frequency (IF) unit functions including channelselection. Today, the use of fast programmable DSP or FPGA components allows theimplementation of efficient real-time multi-standard receivers.The SDR might be classified into the following categories [27]:– multi-band radio, where the RF head can be used for a wide frequency range, e.g.from VHF (30–300 MHz) to SHF (30 GHz), to cover all services (e.g. broadcast TVto microwave FWA);– multi-role radio, where the transceiver, i.e. the digital processor, supports differenttransmission, connection, and network protocols;
Software-Defined Radio 335– multi-function radio, where the transceiver supports different multi-media servicessuch as voice, data, and video.The first category may require a quite complex RF unit to handle all frequency bands.However, if one concentrates on the main application, for instance, in mobile communicationsusing the UHF frequency band (from 800 MHz/GSM/IS-95 to 2200 MHz/UMTSto even 5 GHz/IEEE 802.11h) it would be possible to cover this frequency region witha single wideband RF head [26]. Furthermore, regarding the transmission standards thatuse this frequency band, all parameters such as transmitted services, allocated frequencyregion, occupied channel bandwidth, signal power level, required SNR, coding, and modulationare known. Knowledge about these parameters can ease the implementation of thesecond and the third SDR categories.6.5.3 MC-CDMA-Based Software-Defined RadioA detailed SDR transceiver concept based on MC-CDMA is illustrated in Figure 6-37.At the transmitter side, the higher layer, i.e. the protocol layer, will support severalconnections at the user interface (TS), e.g. voice, data, video. At the base station itcan offer several network connections, e.g. IP, PSTN, ISDN. The data link controller(DLC)/medium access controller (MAC) layer according to the chosen standard takescare of the scheduling (sharing capacity among users) to guarantee the required quality ofservice (QoS). Furthermore, in adaptive coding, modulation, spreading, and power levelingthe task of the DLC layer is the selection of appropriate parameters such as the FECcode rate, modulation density, and spreading codes/factor. The protocol data units/packetsProtocol layer Baseband PHY layer Digital IF unit RF unitTxuserlinkHigherlayer/userinterfaceDLC/MACFECencoderMapper/spreaderMulticarriermultipl.Filter/I/Q gen.D/ARFampl.LOTx/Rxfilter/decoup.antenn.TxRxRxuserlinkHigherlayer/userinterfaceDLC/MACFECdecoderDetectionMulticarrierde-muxFilter/I/Q gen.A/DRFampl.ControllerFigure 6-37MC-CDMA-based SDR implementation
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Multi-Carrier andSpread SpectrumSys
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This edition first published 2008©
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Contentsix4.3.2 One-Dimensional Cha
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ForewordThis book discusses multi-c
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Preface (First Edition)Nowadays, mu
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AcknowledgementsThe authors would l
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2 Introductionambitious technologic
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4 IntroductionTables 1 and 2 summar
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6 IntroductionPower densityTimeFreq
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8 Introductiona high immunity again
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10 Introductionprocessing gain P G
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12 Introductionand interactive mult
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14 Introduction[43] Saltzberg, B. R
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16 FundamentalsBSTSFigure 1-1Time-v
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18 Fundamentalswhere p =|a p | 2 (1
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20 Fundamentalssuch that the effect
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22 FundamentalsTable 1-2 Delay powe
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24 Fundamentals(i) Fixed Positioned
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26 Fundamentalson sub-channel n of
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28 Fundamentals10 010 −1OFDM (OFD
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30 Fundamentalsin order to achieve
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32 FundamentalsThe discrete length
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34 FundamentalsThe following matrix
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36 FundamentalsTable 1-11Wireless l
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38 FundamentalsFrequency hopping (F
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40 FundamentalsFinally, a threshold
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42 Fundamentals1.3.3 Applications o
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44 FundamentalsTable 1-12Radio link
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46 FundamentalsOrthogonalV-SF codeF
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{{48 Fundamentalsdata symbolsspread
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50 FundamentalsCellular Mobile Radi
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52 Fundamentals[27] Haindl B., “M
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2MC-CDMA and MC-DS-CDMAIn this chap
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MC-CDMA 57whered = (d (0) ,d (1) ,.
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MC-CDMA 59i.e. the spreading is per
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MC-CDMA 61Table 2-1 PAPR bounds of
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MC-CDMA 632.1.4.4 Rotated Constella
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MC-CDMA 65After inverse OFDM the re
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MC-CDMA 67and requires only informa
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MC-CDMA 69hard interference evaluat
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MC-CDMA 71Thedataofthedesireduserk
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MC-CDMA 73L corresponds to the spre
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MC-CDMA 752.1.7 Combined Equalizati
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MC-CDMA 77broadcasting, WLAN, and W
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MC-CDMA 792.1.8.1 Log-Likelihood Ra
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MC-CDMA 81For coded MC-CDMA systems
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MC-CDMA 83where Q different user gr
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MC-CDMA 85Table 2-2MC-CDMA system p
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MC-CDMA 87first iteration. The opti
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MC-CDMA 8910 010 −110 −2BER10
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MC-CDMA 9110 010 −1BER10 −210
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MC-CDMA 9310 010 −110 −2BER10
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MC-DS-CDMA 95c (k) (t)f 00d (k)S/P+
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MC-DS-CDMA 97The user-specific dela
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MC-DS-CDMA 9910 010 −1BER10 −21
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References 101[7] Brüninghaus K. a
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References 103[49] Steiner B., “U
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106 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesI
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108 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemesw
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110 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemest
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112 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesO
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114 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesT
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116 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesA
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120 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemest
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122 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesA
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126 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemes[
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4Implementation IssuesA general PHY
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Multi-Carrier Modulation and Demodu
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Synchronization 139The performance
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Synchronization 141null symbol as a
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Synchronization 143resulting SNR ca
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Synchronization 145SNR Degradation
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Synchronization 147FFTr(k)estimated
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Synchronization 149the timing error
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Synchronization 151A first simple s
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Synchronization 153Transmitted 2 re
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Channel Estimation 155Special cases
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Channel Estimation 157The mean squa
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Channel Estimation 159by the second
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Channel Estimation 161Given the nor
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Channel Estimation 163and f D, filt
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Channel Estimation 16510 010 −110
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Channel Estimation 16710 010 −13
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Channel Estimation 169in order to r
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Channel Estimation 17110 010 −1BU
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Channel Estimation 173timefreq. 00
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Channel Coding and Decoding 1754.4.
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Channel Coding and Decoding 177Tabl
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Channel Coding and Decoding 179a (k
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Channel Coding and Decoding 181n rk
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Channel Coding and Decoding 183Bit
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Channel Coding and Decoding 185Bit
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Signal Constellation, Mapping, De-M
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Signal Constellation, Mapping, De-M
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Adaptive Techniques in Multi-Carrie
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RF Issues 193hence reduce, for inst
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RF Issues 195s(t)r(t)e jf(t)White n
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RF Issues 197receivedsignalto detec
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RF Issues 1994.7.2.1 Effects of Non
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RF Issues 2011e−011e−02UplinkDo
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RF Issues 203of data pre-distortion
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RF Issues 205Table 4-8Minimum total
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RF Issues 207Detection strategyIn t
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RF Issues 209above formula becomes(
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References 211[21] Fazel K., “Nar
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References 213[66] Nobilet S., Hela
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5Applications5.1 IntroductionThe de
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Introduction 217high speed as well
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 219H
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 221U
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 2231
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 227T
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 229C
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WiMAX 237Table 5-12 Downlink LTE sp
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WiMAX 239Wi-FiBusinessTSWiMAX BSTSM
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WiMAX 241Table 5-16Summary of the I
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WiMAX 243WiMAXInteroperabilityInter
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WiMAX 245UNIAirinterfaceSNITerminal
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WiMAX 247Radio ResourceControlIniti
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WiMAX 249Frame n−1 Frame n Frame
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WiMAX 251Read RF-Channel ListScan F
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WiMAX 253NormaloperationTS measures
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WiMAX 255Table 5-18Example of some
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WiMAX 257Total bandwidth (between 1
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WiMAX 259Sub-carriers (frequency)n0
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ApplicationsWiMAX 261Table 5-23 Gen
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WiMAX 263Table 5-27(OFDMA)FEC codin
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WiMAX 265M-QAMMappingSTC withSpatia
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WiMAX 267Frame n−1 Frame n Frame
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WiMAX 269Table 5-29WirelessMAN-OFDM
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WiMAX 2710Power density in dB−25
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WiMAX 273Table 5-37diversityPeak da
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WiMAX 275Table 5-41DL link budget e
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Future Mobile Communications Concep
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Page 373 and 374: Index3GPP 218Adaptive techniques 19
Page 375 and 376: Index 355Forward error correction (
Page 377 and 378: Index 357Multi-carrier modulation a
Page 379 and 380: Index 359Maximum likelihood paramet
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