Multi-Carrier and Spread Spectrum Systems: From OFDM and MC ...

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256 ApplicationsTotal bandwidth (between 1.5 and 28 MHz)PilotsGuard bandData sub-carriersDC sub-carrierData sub-carriersGuard bandFigure 5-33 OFDM sub-carrier allocation in IEEE 802.16dTable 5-19OFDM mode parametersParameterValueNumber of DC sub-carriers 1Number of guard sub-carriers, left/right 28/27Number of used sub-carriers 192Total number of sub-carriers 256Number of fixed located pilots 8Table 5-20 OFDM general parameters for ETSIchannelizationBandwidth (MHz) T s (µs) T g (µs)1.75 128 4 8 16 323.5 64 2 4 8 167 32 1 2 4 814 16 1/2 1 2 428 8 1/4 1/2 1 2The uplink is a TDMA transmission. Every uplink burst emanating from each terminalis preceded by a preamble. Each uplink burst, independent of the channel coding andmodulation, transmits an integer number of OFDM symbols as well.The uplink preamble consists of 2 × 128 samples with guard time (= one OFDMsymbol). The downlink preamble is made of two OFDM symbols: the first one carries4 × 64 samples and the second one transmits 2 × 128 samples. These reference samples
WiMAX 257Total bandwidth (between 1.5 and 28 MHz)Sub-channel 1 Sub-channel 2 . . . Sub-channel KGuard bandDC Sub-carrierGuard bandFigure 5-34Example of OFDMA frequency allocation for K usershave good correlation properties, which eases the synchronization tasks. The power ofthe uplink and the downlink preambles is boosted by 3 dB compared to the data part.OFDMA ModeOFDMA in IEEE 802.16d was originally specified as an optional mode and later becamemandatory for mobile application in IEEE 802.16e. In the following the basic parametersas described in IEEE 802.16d are presented.As described in Chapter 3, in OFDMA only a part of all sub-carriers may be used fordata transmission. A set of sub-carriers, called a sub-channel, will be assigned to eachuser (see Figure 5-34). For both uplink and downlink the used sub-carriers are allocatedto pilot and data sub-carriers. However, there is small difference between the uplink andthe downlink sub-carrier allocation. In the downlink, there is one set of common pilotcarriers spread over all the bandwidth, whereas in the uplink each sub-channel contains itsown pilot sub-carriers. This is because the downlink is broadcasted to all terminal stationswhile in the uplink each sub-channel is transmitted from a different terminal station. Thegoal of these pilot sub-carriers is to estimate the channel characteristics.For OFDMA with FDD, the frame duration is an integer number of three OFDM symbols,where the actual frame duration is nearest to the nominal frame duration. In additionto the sub-channel dimension (set of sub-carriers), OFDMA uses the time dimension fordata transmission. An uplink or downlink burst in OFDMA has a two- dimensional allocation.A transmit burst is mapped on to a group of contiguous sub-channels and contiguousOFDM symbols. Each data packet is first segmented into blocks sized to fit into one FECblock. Then, each FEC block spans one OFDMA sub-channel in the sub-channel axis andthree OFDM symbols in the time axis. The FEC blocks are mapped such that the lowestnumbered FEC block occupies the lowest numbered sub-channel in the lowest numberedOFDM symbol. The mapping is continued such that the OFDMA sub-channel index isincreased for each FEC block mapped. When the edge of the data region is reached, themapping will be continued again from the lowest numbered OFDMA sub-channel in thenext OFDM symbol (see Figure 5-35).For the uplink transmission, a number of sub-channels over a number of OFDM symbolsis assigned per terminal station. The number of OFDM symbols is equal to 1 + 3N, where
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Multi-Carrier andSpread SpectrumSys
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This edition first published 2008©
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Contentsix4.3.2 One-Dimensional Cha
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ForewordThis book discusses multi-c
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Preface (First Edition)Nowadays, mu
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AcknowledgementsThe authors would l
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2 Introductionambitious technologic
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4 IntroductionTables 1 and 2 summar
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6 IntroductionPower densityTimeFreq
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8 Introductiona high immunity again
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10 Introductionprocessing gain P G
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12 Introductionand interactive mult
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14 Introduction[43] Saltzberg, B. R
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16 FundamentalsBSTSFigure 1-1Time-v
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18 Fundamentalswhere p =|a p | 2 (1
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20 Fundamentalssuch that the effect
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22 FundamentalsTable 1-2 Delay powe
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24 Fundamentals(i) Fixed Positioned
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26 Fundamentalson sub-channel n of
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28 Fundamentals10 010 −1OFDM (OFD
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30 Fundamentalsin order to achieve
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32 FundamentalsThe discrete length
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34 FundamentalsThe following matrix
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36 FundamentalsTable 1-11Wireless l
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38 FundamentalsFrequency hopping (F
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40 FundamentalsFinally, a threshold
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42 Fundamentals1.3.3 Applications o
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44 FundamentalsTable 1-12Radio link
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46 FundamentalsOrthogonalV-SF codeF
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{{48 Fundamentalsdata symbolsspread
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50 FundamentalsCellular Mobile Radi
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52 Fundamentals[27] Haindl B., “M
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2MC-CDMA and MC-DS-CDMAIn this chap
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MC-CDMA 57whered = (d (0) ,d (1) ,.
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MC-CDMA 59i.e. the spreading is per
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MC-CDMA 61Table 2-1 PAPR bounds of
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MC-CDMA 632.1.4.4 Rotated Constella
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MC-CDMA 65After inverse OFDM the re
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MC-CDMA 67and requires only informa
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MC-CDMA 69hard interference evaluat
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MC-CDMA 71Thedataofthedesireduserk
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MC-CDMA 73L corresponds to the spre
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MC-CDMA 752.1.7 Combined Equalizati
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MC-CDMA 77broadcasting, WLAN, and W
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MC-CDMA 792.1.8.1 Log-Likelihood Ra
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MC-CDMA 81For coded MC-CDMA systems
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MC-CDMA 83where Q different user gr
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MC-CDMA 85Table 2-2MC-CDMA system p
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MC-CDMA 87first iteration. The opti
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MC-CDMA 8910 010 −110 −2BER10
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MC-CDMA 9110 010 −1BER10 −210
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MC-CDMA 9310 010 −110 −2BER10
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MC-DS-CDMA 95c (k) (t)f 00d (k)S/P+
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MC-DS-CDMA 97The user-specific dela
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MC-DS-CDMA 9910 010 −1BER10 −21
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References 101[7] Brüninghaus K. a
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References 103[49] Steiner B., “U
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106 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesI
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108 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemesw
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110 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemest
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112 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesO
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114 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesT
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116 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesA
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120 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemest
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122 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesA
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126 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemes[
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4Implementation IssuesA general PHY
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Multi-Carrier Modulation and Demodu
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Synchronization 139The performance
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Synchronization 141null symbol as a
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Synchronization 143resulting SNR ca
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Synchronization 145SNR Degradation
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Synchronization 147FFTr(k)estimated
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Synchronization 149the timing error
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Synchronization 151A first simple s
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Synchronization 153Transmitted 2 re
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Channel Estimation 155Special cases
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Channel Estimation 157The mean squa
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Channel Estimation 159by the second
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Channel Estimation 161Given the nor
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Channel Estimation 163and f D, filt
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Channel Estimation 16510 010 −110
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Channel Estimation 16710 010 −13
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Channel Estimation 169in order to r
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Channel Estimation 17110 010 −1BU
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Channel Estimation 173timefreq. 00
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Channel Coding and Decoding 1754.4.
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Channel Coding and Decoding 177Tabl
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Channel Coding and Decoding 179a (k
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Channel Coding and Decoding 181n rk
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Channel Coding and Decoding 183Bit
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Channel Coding and Decoding 185Bit
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Signal Constellation, Mapping, De-M
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Signal Constellation, Mapping, De-M
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Adaptive Techniques in Multi-Carrie
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RF Issues 193hence reduce, for inst
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RF Issues 195s(t)r(t)e jf(t)White n
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RF Issues 197receivedsignalto detec
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RF Issues 1994.7.2.1 Effects of Non
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RF Issues 2011e−011e−02UplinkDo
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RF Issues 203of data pre-distortion
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Page 259 and 260: WiMAX 239Wi-FiBusinessTSWiMAX BSTSM
Page 261 and 262: WiMAX 241Table 5-16Summary of the I
Page 263 and 264: WiMAX 243WiMAXInteroperabilityInter
Page 265 and 266: WiMAX 245UNIAirinterfaceSNITerminal
Page 267 and 268: WiMAX 247Radio ResourceControlIniti
Page 269 and 270: WiMAX 249Frame n−1 Frame n Frame
Page 271 and 272: WiMAX 251Read RF-Channel ListScan F
Page 273 and 274: WiMAX 253NormaloperationTS measures
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Page 279 and 280: WiMAX 259Sub-carriers (frequency)n0
Page 281 and 282: ApplicationsWiMAX 261Table 5-23 Gen
Page 283 and 284: WiMAX 263Table 5-27(OFDMA)FEC codin
Page 285 and 286: WiMAX 265M-QAMMappingSTC withSpatia
Page 287 and 288: WiMAX 267Frame n−1 Frame n Frame
Page 289 and 290: WiMAX 269Table 5-29WirelessMAN-OFDM
Page 291 and 292: WiMAX 2710Power density in dB−25
Page 293 and 294: WiMAX 273Table 5-37diversityPeak da
Page 295 and 296: WiMAX 275Table 5-41DL link budget e
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Page 305 and 306: Wireless Local Area Networks 285fre
Page 307 and 308: Interaction Channel for DVB-T: DVB-
Page 317 and 318: References 297Table 5-58Parameters
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306 Additional Techniques for Capac
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340 Definitions, Abbreviations, and
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350 SymbolsG l,lGG [j]h(t)h(τ,t)H(
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Index3GPP 218Adaptive techniques 19
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Index 355Forward error correction (
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Index 357Multi-carrier modulation a
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Index 359Maximum likelihood paramet
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