Multi-Carrier and Spread Spectrum Systems: From OFDM and MC ...

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44 FundamentalsTable 1-12Radio link parameters of IS-95ParameterBandwidthChip rateDuplex schemeSpreading code short/longModulationIS-95 (cdmaOne)1.25 MHz1.2288 Mchip/sFrequency division duplex (FDD)Walsh–Hadamard orthogonal code/PN codeCoherent QPSK for the downlink,Noncoherent offset QPSK for the uplinkChannel coding DL: convolutional R = 1/2, memory 9;UL: convolutional R = 1/3, memory 9 with WH (6, 64)Processing gainMaximum data rateDiversityPower control19.3 dB14.4 kbit/s for data and 9.6 kbit/s for voiceRake + antennaFast power control based on signal-to-interference ratio (SIR)measurementdata rate up to 2.5 Mbps in a 1.25 MHz bandwidth in the downlink was offered. Withits Revision A, a higher capacity for both uplink (up to 1.8 Mbps) and downlink (up to3.1 Mbps) was offered, while with Revision B a much higher data rate is expected. InTable 1-13 the important parameters of ED-VO are summarized.1.3.3.2 WCDMA/UMTS, HSPAThe major services of the second-generation mobile communication systems are limitedto voice, facsimile, and low rate data transmission. With a variety of new high speedTable 1-13Radio link parameters of EV-DOParameterBandwidthDuplex schemeMultiplexingModulationChannel codingData ratesEV-DO, Revision A1.25 MHzFDDCDMA with TDMDownlink: QPSK, 8-PSK, 16-QAMUplink: BPSK, QPSK, 8-PSKAs in IS-95Downlink: 3.1 MbpsUplink: 1.8 Mbps
Spread Spectrum Techniques 45multi-media services such as high speed internet and video/high quality image transmissionthe need for higher data rates increases. The research activity on UMTS started inEurope at the beginning of the 1990s. Several EU-RACE projects such as CODIT andA-TDMA were dealing deeply with the study of the third-generation mobile communicationssystems. Within the CODIT project a wideband CDMA testbed was built, showingthe feasibility of a flexible CDMA system [4]. Further detailed parameters for the 3 Gsystem were specified within the EU-ACTS FRAMES project [5]. In 1998, ETSI decidedto adopt wideband CDMA (WCDMA) as the technology for UMTS in the frequencydivision duplex bands [21]. Later on, ARIB approved WCDMA as standard in Japan aswell, where both ETSI and ARIB use the same WCDMA concept.The third-generation mobile communication systems, called International Mobile Telecommunications-2000(IMT-2000) or Universal Mobile Telecommunications System(UMTS) in Europe, are designed to support wideband services with data rates up to2 Mbit/s. The carrier frequency allocated for UMTS in Europe is about 2 GHz. In thecase of FDD, the allocated total bandwidth is 2 × 60 MHz: the uplink carrier frequencyis 1920–1980 MHz and the downlink carrier frequency is 2110–2170 MHz.In Table 1-14 key parameters of WCDMA/UMTS are outlined. In Figures 1-15 and1-16, simplified block diagrams of a base station and a terminal station are illustrated.In contrast to IS-95, the WCDMA/UMTS standard applies variable length orthogonalspreading codes and coherent QPSK detection for both uplink and downlink directions [2].The generation of the orthogonal variable spreading code [13] is illustrated in Figure 1-17.Note that for scrambling and spreading, complex codes are employed.The increasing demand in data rates resulted in the UMTS extensions referred to as highspeed downlink packet access (HSDPA) and high speed uplink packet access (HSUPA).Both extensions are based on the Release 99 (R99) single-carrier WCDMA with anincrease in data rate up to 14.4 Mbit/s with HSDPA (Release 5, R5) and 5.7 Mbit/s withHSUPA (Release 6, R6). These improvements are obtained by introducing higher ordermodulation, channel dependent scheduling and hybrid ARQ (HARQ) with soft combiningtogether with multiple code allocation. The downlink additionally supports adaptive cod-Table 1-14ParameterBandwidthRadio link parameters of UMTSWCDMA/UMTS5MHzDuplex schemeSpreading codeshort/longModulationFDD and TDDTree-structured orthogonal variable spreading factor (VSF)/PNcodesCoherent QPSK (downlink and uplink)Channel coding Voice: convolutional R = 1/3, memory 9Data: concatenated Reed Solomon (RS) + convolutionalHigh rate high quality services: convolutional Turbo codesDiversityPower controlRake + antennaFast power control based on SIR measurement
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Multi-Carrier andSpread SpectrumSys
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This edition first published 2008©
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Contentsix4.3.2 One-Dimensional Cha
Page 13: ForewordThis book discusses multi-c
Page 17 and 18: Preface (First Edition)Nowadays, mu
Page 19: AcknowledgementsThe authors would l
Page 22 and 23: 2 Introductionambitious technologic
Page 24 and 25: 4 IntroductionTables 1 and 2 summar
Page 26 and 27: 6 IntroductionPower densityTimeFreq
Page 28 and 29: 8 Introductiona high immunity again
Page 30 and 31: 10 Introductionprocessing gain P G
Page 32 and 33: 12 Introductionand interactive mult
Page 34 and 35: 14 Introduction[43] Saltzberg, B. R
Page 36 and 37: 16 FundamentalsBSTSFigure 1-1Time-v
Page 38 and 39: 18 Fundamentalswhere p =|a p | 2 (1
Page 40 and 41: 20 Fundamentalssuch that the effect
Page 42 and 43: 22 FundamentalsTable 1-2 Delay powe
Page 44 and 45: 24 Fundamentals(i) Fixed Positioned
Page 46 and 47: 26 Fundamentalson sub-channel n of
Page 48 and 49: 28 Fundamentals10 010 −1OFDM (OFD
Page 50 and 51: 30 Fundamentalsin order to achieve
Page 52 and 53: 32 FundamentalsThe discrete length
Page 54 and 55: 34 FundamentalsThe following matrix
Page 56 and 57: 36 FundamentalsTable 1-11Wireless l
Page 58 and 59: 38 FundamentalsFrequency hopping (F
Page 60 and 61: 40 FundamentalsFinally, a threshold
Page 62 and 63: 42 Fundamentals1.3.3 Applications o
Page 66 and 67: 46 FundamentalsOrthogonalV-SF codeF
Page 68 and 69: {{48 Fundamentalsdata symbolsspread
Page 70 and 71: 50 FundamentalsCellular Mobile Radi
Page 72 and 73: 52 Fundamentals[27] Haindl B., “M
Page 75 and 76: 2MC-CDMA and MC-DS-CDMAIn this chap
Page 77 and 78: MC-CDMA 57whered = (d (0) ,d (1) ,.
Page 79 and 80: MC-CDMA 59i.e. the spreading is per
Page 81 and 82: MC-CDMA 61Table 2-1 PAPR bounds of
Page 83 and 84: MC-CDMA 632.1.4.4 Rotated Constella
Page 85 and 86: MC-CDMA 65After inverse OFDM the re
Page 87 and 88: MC-CDMA 67and requires only informa
Page 89 and 90: MC-CDMA 69hard interference evaluat
Page 91 and 92: MC-CDMA 71Thedataofthedesireduserk
Page 93 and 94: MC-CDMA 73L corresponds to the spre
Page 95 and 96: MC-CDMA 752.1.7 Combined Equalizati
Page 97 and 98: MC-CDMA 77broadcasting, WLAN, and W
Page 99 and 100: MC-CDMA 792.1.8.1 Log-Likelihood Ra
Page 101 and 102: MC-CDMA 81For coded MC-CDMA systems
Page 103 and 104: MC-CDMA 83where Q different user gr
Page 105 and 106: MC-CDMA 85Table 2-2MC-CDMA system p
Page 107 and 108: MC-CDMA 87first iteration. The opti
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Page 111 and 112: MC-CDMA 9110 010 −1BER10 −210
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MC-DS-CDMA 95c (k) (t)f 00d (k)S/P+
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MC-DS-CDMA 97The user-specific dela
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MC-DS-CDMA 9910 010 −1BER10 −21
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References 101[7] Brüninghaus K. a
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References 103[49] Steiner B., “U
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106 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesI
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108 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemesw
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110 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemest
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112 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesO
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114 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesT
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116 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesA
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120 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemest
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122 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesA
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126 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemes[
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4Implementation IssuesA general PHY
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Multi-Carrier Modulation and Demodu
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Synchronization 139The performance
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Synchronization 141null symbol as a
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Synchronization 143resulting SNR ca
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Synchronization 145SNR Degradation
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Synchronization 147FFTr(k)estimated
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Synchronization 149the timing error
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Synchronization 151A first simple s
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Synchronization 153Transmitted 2 re
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Channel Estimation 155Special cases
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Channel Estimation 157The mean squa
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Channel Estimation 159by the second
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Channel Estimation 161Given the nor
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Channel Estimation 163and f D, filt
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Channel Estimation 16510 010 −110
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Channel Estimation 16710 010 −13
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Channel Estimation 169in order to r
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Channel Estimation 17110 010 −1BU
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Channel Estimation 173timefreq. 00
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Channel Coding and Decoding 1754.4.
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Channel Coding and Decoding 177Tabl
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Channel Coding and Decoding 179a (k
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Channel Coding and Decoding 181n rk
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Channel Coding and Decoding 183Bit
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Channel Coding and Decoding 185Bit
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Signal Constellation, Mapping, De-M
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Signal Constellation, Mapping, De-M
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Adaptive Techniques in Multi-Carrie
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RF Issues 193hence reduce, for inst
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RF Issues 195s(t)r(t)e jf(t)White n
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RF Issues 197receivedsignalto detec
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RF Issues 1994.7.2.1 Effects of Non
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RF Issues 2011e−011e−02UplinkDo
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RF Issues 203of data pre-distortion
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RF Issues 205Table 4-8Minimum total
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RF Issues 207Detection strategyIn t
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RF Issues 209above formula becomes(
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References 211[21] Fazel K., “Nar
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References 213[66] Nobilet S., Hela
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5Applications5.1 IntroductionThe de
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Introduction 217high speed as well
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 219H
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 221U
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 2231
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 227T
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 229C
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WiMAX 237Table 5-12 Downlink LTE sp
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WiMAX 239Wi-FiBusinessTSWiMAX BSTSM
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WiMAX 241Table 5-16Summary of the I
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WiMAX 243WiMAXInteroperabilityInter
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WiMAX 245UNIAirinterfaceSNITerminal
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WiMAX 247Radio ResourceControlIniti
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WiMAX 249Frame n−1 Frame n Frame
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WiMAX 251Read RF-Channel ListScan F
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WiMAX 253NormaloperationTS measures
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WiMAX 255Table 5-18Example of some
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WiMAX 257Total bandwidth (between 1
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WiMAX 259Sub-carriers (frequency)n0
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ApplicationsWiMAX 261Table 5-23 Gen
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WiMAX 263Table 5-27(OFDMA)FEC codin
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WiMAX 265M-QAMMappingSTC withSpatia
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WiMAX 267Frame n−1 Frame n Frame
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WiMAX 269Table 5-29WirelessMAN-OFDM
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WiMAX 2710Power density in dB−25
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WiMAX 273Table 5-37diversityPeak da
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WiMAX 275Table 5-41DL link budget e
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Future Mobile Communications Concep
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Wireless Local Area Networks 283MTB
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Wireless Local Area Networks 285fre
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Interaction Channel for DVB-T: DVB-
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References 297Table 5-58Parameters
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References 299[32] Taoka H., Higuch
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302 Additional Techniques for Capac
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340 Definitions, Abbreviations, and
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350 SymbolsG l,lGG [j]h(t)h(τ,t)H(
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Index3GPP 218Adaptive techniques 19
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Index 355Forward error correction (
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Index 357Multi-carrier modulation a
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Index 359Maximum likelihood paramet
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