Multi-Carrier and Spread Spectrum Systems: From OFDM and MC ...

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240 Applications• System Profiles• Conformance Testing802.16c802.16• Original air Interface for 10–66 GHz• LOS only, Backhauling802.16a• Amendment for below 11 GHz• Target NLOS applications: “last mile”broadband residential & SME access• Amendment for unlicensed band802.16b802.16f(MIBs for 802.16d)802.16d(802.16-2004)• 802.16 Revision, merge all,address all Errata• Introduce “portability”802.16gManagement plan process &interfaces (mobility)802.16e• Extension for mobility in licensedbands from 2-6 GHz• Roaming for mobile & portable802.16i(MIBs for 802.16e)WiMAX Profiles• WiMAX profiles for certification• Interoperability/ConformanceFigure 5-19 WiMAX and IEEE 802.16specify and release in addition the roaming (handover) and network management specificationsand the management information base (MIB) (IEEE 802.16f/g/i).In parallel with the IEEE 802.16x and ETSI BRAN standardization activities, WiMAXhas specified the conformance test specifications based on a predefined set of profiles (seeSection 5.3.6) agreed among all forum members. The definition of these profiles enabledthe system vendors and the silicon suppliers to start to develop the WiMAX products.The first chips based on IEEE 802.16d (supporting only fixed applications) were ready in2005. Based on these components, since 2005 several field trials and WiMAX installationshave been started.In Table 5-16 a summary of the related IEEE 802.16x specification and its applications[23, 24] is given. Note that the main focus of the WiMAX forum is the so-calledbelow 11 GHz carrier frequencies (2–11 GHz). As we see here, to increase capacityand coverage, besides the OFDM/OFDMA technology, additional implementation optionssuch as adaptive antenna system (AAS), space time coding (STC), point to point mesh,and automatic repeat request (ARQ) are also part of these specifications.Hence, the main technical features of WiMAX air interface specifications (MAC &PHY) versus existing networks can be summarized as follows [33]:• Multi-carrier transmission, OFDM and OFDMA– Robust against multi-path fading– Power optimization in terminal station due to the use of OFDMA
WiMAX 241Table 5-16Summary of the IEEE 802.16 related applicationsDesignation Applicability Technical solutions/options DuplexWirelessMAN-SC(802.16/a/d)10–66GHz,licensed, fixedSingle carrier (SC)PMPTDD,FDDWirelessMAN-SCa(802.16a/d)2–11GHz,licensed, fixedSingle carrierPMPAdaptive antenna system (AAS)Automatic repeat request (ARQ)Space time coding (STC)TDD,FDDWirelessMAN-OFDM(802.16a/d)2–11GHz,licensed, fixedand nomadicMulti-carrier, OFDMPMP and PTP meshAASARQSTCTDD,FDDWirelessMAN-OFDMA (802.16e)2–11GHz,licensed,mobileMulti-carrier, OFDM/OFDMAPMPAASHybrid ARQSTCTDD,FDDWirelessHUMAN(802.16b/d)2–11GHz,unlicensedSC and multi-carrier, OFDMPMP and meshAASARQMeshSTCDynamic frequency selection (DFS)TDD• Adaptive modulation– Adaptation on-the-fly– Maximizing capacity per sector• Managed quality of service (QoS)– QoS can be guaranteed– Optimum share of the capacity among users• Open to the use of intelligent antennas• Offers nomadic and future mobile broadband access.The OFDMA mode was adopted as a mandatory feature in IEEE 802.16e, supportingespecially mobile application. Besides its large amount of sub-carriers (2048), to combatlong echoes, the use of OFDMA is quite important, especially for mobile handsets. Due toits FDMA nature, the power consumption can be highly reduced for the mobile terminal(see also Chapter 3).
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Multi-Carrier andSpread SpectrumSys
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This edition first published 2008©
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Contentsix4.3.2 One-Dimensional Cha
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ForewordThis book discusses multi-c
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Preface (First Edition)Nowadays, mu
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AcknowledgementsThe authors would l
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2 Introductionambitious technologic
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4 IntroductionTables 1 and 2 summar
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6 IntroductionPower densityTimeFreq
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8 Introductiona high immunity again
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10 Introductionprocessing gain P G
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12 Introductionand interactive mult
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14 Introduction[43] Saltzberg, B. R
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16 FundamentalsBSTSFigure 1-1Time-v
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18 Fundamentalswhere p =|a p | 2 (1
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20 Fundamentalssuch that the effect
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22 FundamentalsTable 1-2 Delay powe
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24 Fundamentals(i) Fixed Positioned
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26 Fundamentalson sub-channel n of
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28 Fundamentals10 010 −1OFDM (OFD
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30 Fundamentalsin order to achieve
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32 FundamentalsThe discrete length
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34 FundamentalsThe following matrix
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36 FundamentalsTable 1-11Wireless l
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38 FundamentalsFrequency hopping (F
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40 FundamentalsFinally, a threshold
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42 Fundamentals1.3.3 Applications o
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44 FundamentalsTable 1-12Radio link
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46 FundamentalsOrthogonalV-SF codeF
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{{48 Fundamentalsdata symbolsspread
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50 FundamentalsCellular Mobile Radi
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52 Fundamentals[27] Haindl B., “M
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2MC-CDMA and MC-DS-CDMAIn this chap
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MC-CDMA 57whered = (d (0) ,d (1) ,.
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MC-CDMA 59i.e. the spreading is per
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MC-CDMA 61Table 2-1 PAPR bounds of
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MC-CDMA 632.1.4.4 Rotated Constella
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MC-CDMA 65After inverse OFDM the re
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MC-CDMA 67and requires only informa
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MC-CDMA 69hard interference evaluat
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MC-CDMA 71Thedataofthedesireduserk
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MC-CDMA 73L corresponds to the spre
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MC-CDMA 752.1.7 Combined Equalizati
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MC-CDMA 77broadcasting, WLAN, and W
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MC-CDMA 792.1.8.1 Log-Likelihood Ra
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MC-CDMA 81For coded MC-CDMA systems
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MC-CDMA 83where Q different user gr
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MC-CDMA 85Table 2-2MC-CDMA system p
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MC-CDMA 87first iteration. The opti
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MC-CDMA 8910 010 −110 −2BER10
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MC-CDMA 9110 010 −1BER10 −210
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MC-CDMA 9310 010 −110 −2BER10
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MC-DS-CDMA 95c (k) (t)f 00d (k)S/P+
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MC-DS-CDMA 97The user-specific dela
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MC-DS-CDMA 9910 010 −1BER10 −21
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References 101[7] Brüninghaus K. a
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References 103[49] Steiner B., “U
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106 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesI
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108 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemesw
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110 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemest
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112 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesO
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114 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesT
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116 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesA
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120 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemest
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122 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesA
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126 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemes[
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4Implementation IssuesA general PHY
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Multi-Carrier Modulation and Demodu
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Synchronization 139The performance
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Synchronization 141null symbol as a
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Synchronization 143resulting SNR ca
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Synchronization 145SNR Degradation
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Synchronization 147FFTr(k)estimated
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Synchronization 149the timing error
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Synchronization 151A first simple s
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Synchronization 153Transmitted 2 re
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Channel Estimation 155Special cases
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Channel Estimation 157The mean squa
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Channel Estimation 159by the second
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Channel Estimation 161Given the nor
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Channel Estimation 163and f D, filt
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Channel Estimation 16510 010 −110
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Channel Estimation 16710 010 −13
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Channel Estimation 169in order to r
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Channel Estimation 17110 010 −1BU
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Channel Estimation 173timefreq. 00
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Channel Coding and Decoding 1754.4.
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Channel Coding and Decoding 177Tabl
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Channel Coding and Decoding 179a (k
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Channel Coding and Decoding 181n rk
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Channel Coding and Decoding 183Bit
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Channel Coding and Decoding 185Bit
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Signal Constellation, Mapping, De-M
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Page 213 and 214: RF Issues 193hence reduce, for inst
Page 215 and 216: RF Issues 195s(t)r(t)e jf(t)White n
Page 217 and 218: RF Issues 197receivedsignalto detec
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Page 221 and 222: RF Issues 2011e−011e−02UplinkDo
Page 223 and 224: RF Issues 203of data pre-distortion
Page 225 and 226: RF Issues 205Table 4-8Minimum total
Page 227 and 228: RF Issues 207Detection strategyIn t
Page 229 and 230: RF Issues 209above formula becomes(
Page 231 and 232: References 211[21] Fazel K., “Nar
Page 233 and 234: References 213[66] Nobilet S., Hela
Page 235 and 236: 5Applications5.1 IntroductionThe de
Page 237 and 238: Introduction 217high speed as well
Page 239 and 240: 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 219H
Page 241 and 242: 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 221U
Page 243 and 244: 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 2231
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Page 249 and 250: 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 229C
Page 257 and 258: WiMAX 237Table 5-12 Downlink LTE sp
Page 259: WiMAX 239Wi-FiBusinessTSWiMAX BSTSM
Page 263 and 264: WiMAX 243WiMAXInteroperabilityInter
Page 265 and 266: WiMAX 245UNIAirinterfaceSNITerminal
Page 267 and 268: WiMAX 247Radio ResourceControlIniti
Page 269 and 270: WiMAX 249Frame n−1 Frame n Frame
Page 271 and 272: WiMAX 251Read RF-Channel ListScan F
Page 273 and 274: WiMAX 253NormaloperationTS measures
Page 275 and 276: WiMAX 255Table 5-18Example of some
Page 277 and 278: WiMAX 257Total bandwidth (between 1
Page 279 and 280: WiMAX 259Sub-carriers (frequency)n0
Page 281 and 282: ApplicationsWiMAX 261Table 5-23 Gen
Page 283 and 284: WiMAX 263Table 5-27(OFDMA)FEC codin
Page 285 and 286: WiMAX 265M-QAMMappingSTC withSpatia
Page 287 and 288: WiMAX 267Frame n−1 Frame n Frame
Page 289 and 290: WiMAX 269Table 5-29WirelessMAN-OFDM
Page 291 and 292: WiMAX 2710Power density in dB−25
Page 293 and 294: WiMAX 273Table 5-37diversityPeak da
Page 295 and 296: WiMAX 275Table 5-41DL link budget e
Page 297 and 298: Future Mobile Communications Concep
Page 303 and 304: Wireless Local Area Networks 283MTB
Page 305 and 306: Wireless Local Area Networks 285fre
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Interaction Channel for DVB-T: DVB-
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References 297Table 5-58Parameters
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References 299[32] Taoka H., Higuch
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302 Additional Techniques for Capac
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340 Definitions, Abbreviations, and
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350 SymbolsG l,lGG [j]h(t)h(τ,t)H(
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Index3GPP 218Adaptive techniques 19
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Index 355Forward error correction (
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Index 357Multi-carrier modulation a
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Index 359Maximum likelihood paramet
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