Multi-Carrier and Spread Spectrum Systems: From OFDM and MC ...

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230 Applications1 uplink resource block:(7 DFTS-OFDM symbols)0.5 msdata symbolpilot symbol180 kHzFigure 5-14Uplink pilot allocation within one resource blocksix DFT-spread OFDM symbols with an extended cyclic prefix length. The DFT-spreadOFDM symbols with normal cyclic prefix have a cyclic prefix length of T cp = 5.2 µsfor the first DFT-spread OFDM symbol and of T cp = 4.7 µs for the other DFT-spreadOFDM symbols. In the case of the extended cyclic prefix the length is T cp = 17.7 µs. Theextended cyclic prefix if used in scenarios with a long delay spread and for multi-castand broadcast services in the single-frequency network mode. The DFT-spread OFDMsymbol duration without a guard interval is always 66.7 µs.A resource block is defined for one slot and consists of 12 adjacent sub-carriers. Thesub-carrier distance in the uplink is 15 kHz so that a resource block has a bandwidthof 180 kHz. In contrast to the downlink, in the uplink resource blocks assigned to onemobile terminal in one OFDM symbol have to be adjacent to each other in the frequencydomain.One pilot symbol is inserted in each resource block for channel estimation at thereceiver, which is required for coherent data detection. Figure 5-14 shows the pilot allocationwithin a resource block with seven DFT-spread OFDM symbols.With DFT-spread OFDM, the pilot symbols are not scattered in frequency but aretime multiplexed with the data symbols. Every fourth DFT-spread OFDM symbol withina resource block is a pilot symbol occupying the whole transmission bandwidth of theresource block. The pilot symbols are chosen such that they have nearly constant amplitudeand good auto- and cross-correlation properties. This is achieved with Zadoff–Chusequences (see Section 2.1.4.1). The correlation properties are important for separatingthe pilots of the resource block at the same positions between neighboring cells. DifferentZadoff–Chu sequences are assigned to resource blocks of different cells.Additionally, broadband channel sounding is required to enable channel-dependentscheduling in the uplink. This requires channel sounding over a much larger bandwidththan that of one resource block per user. While for the downlink pilot symbols are availableover a large bandwidth for channel estimation, this is not always the case in the uplink.The uplink channel sounding is achieved by reserving blocks within one sub-frame forchannel sounding. Data transmission is not possible in these blocks. The blocks withsounding signals occupy a bandwidth much larger than that of one resource block. Theseblocks are shared between different users either in the time, frequency, or code domain.
3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 2311 slotdata symbolpilot symbol1 uplink resource block:(7 DFTS-OFDM symbols)0.5 ms180 kHzseveral resource blockssounding symbolFigure 5-15Channel sounding in the uplinkThe latter assigns different Zadoff–Chu sequences to different users. The insertion ofsounding symbols is illustrated in Figure 5-15.5.2.6.3 Multi-Antenna TransmissionThe mobile terminals transmit only with a single antenna. Multi-user MIMO reception ispossible at the base station. Optionally, a closed-loop transmit antenna selection diversitycan be implemented for the FDD mode.5.2.7 Physical Layer Procedures5.2.7.1 Cell SearchThe cell search procedure allows the mobile terminal (UE) to find and identify a potentialcell that it can use for communications after switching on the mobile terminal. For thispurpose a primary and a secondary synchronization signal are transmitted in the downlinkon a regular basis. The synchronization signals are inserted in the last two OFDM symbolsof the first slot of the first and sixth sub-frame of a 10 ms radio frame (see Figure 5-7).In a first step the mobile terminal synchronizes to the primary synchronization signal.This allows synchronizing on a 5 ms basis. In the second step, the ambiguity with twoprimary synchronization signals in one radio frame is resolved by observing the secondsynchronization signal. The unique combination of the primary and secondary synchronizationsignals allows the mobile terminal to finally detect the broadcasted cell specificinformation.In order to simplify the cell search procedure, the bandwidth of the synchronizationsignals is constant and independent of the bandwidth actually used in the specific cell.
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Multi-Carrier andSpread SpectrumSys
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This edition first published 2008©
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Contentsix4.3.2 One-Dimensional Cha
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ForewordThis book discusses multi-c
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Preface (First Edition)Nowadays, mu
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AcknowledgementsThe authors would l
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2 Introductionambitious technologic
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4 IntroductionTables 1 and 2 summar
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6 IntroductionPower densityTimeFreq
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8 Introductiona high immunity again
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10 Introductionprocessing gain P G
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12 Introductionand interactive mult
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14 Introduction[43] Saltzberg, B. R
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16 FundamentalsBSTSFigure 1-1Time-v
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18 Fundamentalswhere p =|a p | 2 (1
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20 Fundamentalssuch that the effect
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22 FundamentalsTable 1-2 Delay powe
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24 Fundamentals(i) Fixed Positioned
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26 Fundamentalson sub-channel n of
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28 Fundamentals10 010 −1OFDM (OFD
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30 Fundamentalsin order to achieve
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32 FundamentalsThe discrete length
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34 FundamentalsThe following matrix
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36 FundamentalsTable 1-11Wireless l
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38 FundamentalsFrequency hopping (F
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40 FundamentalsFinally, a threshold
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42 Fundamentals1.3.3 Applications o
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44 FundamentalsTable 1-12Radio link
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46 FundamentalsOrthogonalV-SF codeF
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{{48 Fundamentalsdata symbolsspread
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50 FundamentalsCellular Mobile Radi
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52 Fundamentals[27] Haindl B., “M
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2MC-CDMA and MC-DS-CDMAIn this chap
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MC-CDMA 57whered = (d (0) ,d (1) ,.
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MC-CDMA 59i.e. the spreading is per
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MC-CDMA 61Table 2-1 PAPR bounds of
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MC-CDMA 632.1.4.4 Rotated Constella
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MC-CDMA 65After inverse OFDM the re
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MC-CDMA 67and requires only informa
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MC-CDMA 69hard interference evaluat
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MC-CDMA 71Thedataofthedesireduserk
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MC-CDMA 73L corresponds to the spre
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MC-CDMA 752.1.7 Combined Equalizati
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MC-CDMA 77broadcasting, WLAN, and W
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MC-CDMA 792.1.8.1 Log-Likelihood Ra
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MC-CDMA 81For coded MC-CDMA systems
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MC-CDMA 83where Q different user gr
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MC-CDMA 85Table 2-2MC-CDMA system p
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MC-CDMA 87first iteration. The opti
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MC-CDMA 8910 010 −110 −2BER10
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MC-CDMA 9110 010 −1BER10 −210
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MC-CDMA 9310 010 −110 −2BER10
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MC-DS-CDMA 95c (k) (t)f 00d (k)S/P+
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MC-DS-CDMA 97The user-specific dela
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MC-DS-CDMA 9910 010 −1BER10 −21
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References 101[7] Brüninghaus K. a
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References 103[49] Steiner B., “U
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106 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesI
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108 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemesw
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110 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemest
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112 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesO
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114 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesT
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116 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesA
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120 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemest
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122 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesA
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126 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemes[
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4Implementation IssuesA general PHY
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Multi-Carrier Modulation and Demodu
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Synchronization 139The performance
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Synchronization 141null symbol as a
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Synchronization 143resulting SNR ca
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Synchronization 145SNR Degradation
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Synchronization 147FFTr(k)estimated
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Synchronization 149the timing error
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Synchronization 151A first simple s
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Synchronization 153Transmitted 2 re
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Channel Estimation 155Special cases
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Channel Estimation 157The mean squa
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Channel Estimation 159by the second
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Channel Estimation 161Given the nor
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Channel Estimation 163and f D, filt
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Channel Estimation 16510 010 −110
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Channel Estimation 16710 010 −13
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Channel Estimation 169in order to r
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Channel Estimation 17110 010 −1BU
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Channel Estimation 173timefreq. 00
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Channel Coding and Decoding 1754.4.
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Channel Coding and Decoding 177Tabl
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Page 203 and 204: Channel Coding and Decoding 183Bit
Page 205 and 206: Channel Coding and Decoding 185Bit
Page 207 and 208: Signal Constellation, Mapping, De-M
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Page 211 and 212: Adaptive Techniques in Multi-Carrie
Page 213 and 214: RF Issues 193hence reduce, for inst
Page 215 and 216: RF Issues 195s(t)r(t)e jf(t)White n
Page 217 and 218: RF Issues 197receivedsignalto detec
Page 219 and 220: RF Issues 1994.7.2.1 Effects of Non
Page 221 and 222: RF Issues 2011e−011e−02UplinkDo
Page 223 and 224: RF Issues 203of data pre-distortion
Page 225 and 226: RF Issues 205Table 4-8Minimum total
Page 227 and 228: RF Issues 207Detection strategyIn t
Page 229 and 230: RF Issues 209above formula becomes(
Page 231 and 232: References 211[21] Fazel K., “Nar
Page 233 and 234: References 213[66] Nobilet S., Hela
Page 235 and 236: 5Applications5.1 IntroductionThe de
Page 237 and 238: Introduction 217high speed as well
Page 239 and 240: 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 219H
Page 241 and 242: 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 221U
Page 243 and 244: 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 2231
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Page 247 and 248: 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 227T
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Page 257 and 258: WiMAX 237Table 5-12 Downlink LTE sp
Page 259 and 260: WiMAX 239Wi-FiBusinessTSWiMAX BSTSM
Page 261 and 262: WiMAX 241Table 5-16Summary of the I
Page 263 and 264: WiMAX 243WiMAXInteroperabilityInter
Page 265 and 266: WiMAX 245UNIAirinterfaceSNITerminal
Page 267 and 268: WiMAX 247Radio ResourceControlIniti
Page 269 and 270: WiMAX 249Frame n−1 Frame n Frame
Page 271 and 272: WiMAX 251Read RF-Channel ListScan F
Page 273 and 274: WiMAX 253NormaloperationTS measures
Page 275 and 276: WiMAX 255Table 5-18Example of some
Page 277 and 278: WiMAX 257Total bandwidth (between 1
Page 279 and 280: WiMAX 259Sub-carriers (frequency)n0
Page 281 and 282: ApplicationsWiMAX 261Table 5-23 Gen
Page 283 and 284: WiMAX 263Table 5-27(OFDMA)FEC codin
Page 285 and 286: WiMAX 265M-QAMMappingSTC withSpatia
Page 287 and 288: WiMAX 267Frame n−1 Frame n Frame
Page 289 and 290: WiMAX 269Table 5-29WirelessMAN-OFDM
Page 291 and 292: WiMAX 2710Power density in dB−25
Page 293 and 294: WiMAX 273Table 5-37diversityPeak da
Page 295 and 296: WiMAX 275Table 5-41DL link budget e
Page 297 and 298: Future Mobile Communications Concep
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Future Mobile Communications Concep
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Wireless Local Area Networks 283MTB
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Wireless Local Area Networks 285fre
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Interaction Channel for DVB-T: DVB-
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References 297Table 5-58Parameters
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References 299[32] Taoka H., Higuch
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302 Additional Techniques for Capac
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340 Definitions, Abbreviations, and
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350 SymbolsG l,lGG [j]h(t)h(τ,t)H(
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Index3GPP 218Adaptive techniques 19
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Index 355Forward error correction (
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Index 357Multi-carrier modulation a
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Index 359Maximum likelihood paramet
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