Multi-Carrier and Spread Spectrum Systems: From OFDM and MC ...

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262 ApplicationsTable 5-26(OFDM)FEC coding and modulation parameters for uplink and downlinkPHY mode Modulation Inner Outer coding Overall Efficiencycoding coding rate (bit/s/Hz)0 BPSK CC 1/2 No 1/2 0.51 QPSK CC 2/3 RS(32,24,4) 1/2 1.02 QPSK CC 5/6 RS(40,36,2) 3/4 1.53 16-QAM CC 2/3 RS(60,48,8) 1/2 2.04 16-QAM CC 5/6 RS(80,72,4) 3/4 3.05 (optional) 64-QAM CC 3/4 RS(108,96,6) 2/3 4.06 (optional) 64-QAM CC 5/6 RS(120,108,6) 3/4 4.5Forward Error Correcting (FEC) Coding and ModulationThe FEC employed consists of the concatenation of a Reed Solomon (RS) outer code anda punctured convolutional inner code. Block and convolutional Turbo codes can also beused. The low density parity check code (LDPC) is supported optionally in IEEE 802.16e.Different modulation schemes with Gray mapping (QPSK, 16-QAM, and 64-QAM) areemployed.The outer RS code can be shortened and punctured to enable variable block sizes andvariable error-correction capability. The RS mother code is an RS (N,k,t) code, whereN is the code length, k represents the number of information bytes, and t is the number ofcorrectable error bytes. The inner convolutional code can be punctured as well to provideseveral inner code rates. The mother convolutional code is based on memory 6, rate 1/2,with zero tail biting. Eight tail bits are introduced at the end of each allocation. In the RSencoder, the redundant bits are sent before the input bits, keeping the tail bits at the endof the allocation.Table 5-26 and Table 5-27 show the detailed FEC parameters for the OFDM andOFDMA modes of IEEE 802.16d. The resulting number of bytes per FEC block matchesan integer number of OFDM symbols. As 64-QAM is optional, the codes for this modulationwill only be implemented if the modulation is implemented. As these tables show,different coding and modulation schemes are supported. The lowest concatenated codingscheme with code rate 1/2 will be used for control information.For S-OFDMA, support for QPSK, 16-QAM, and 64-QAM are mandatory in the downlink.In the uplink, 64-QAM is optional. Both the convolutional code (CC) with RS andthe convolutional Turbo code (CTC) with a variable code rate and repetition coding aresupported. The block Turbo code and low density parity check code (LDPC) are supportedas optional features. Table 5-28 summarizes the coding and modulation schemessupported in the mobile WiMAX profile.Hybrid-ARQ is supported by IEEE 802.16e. HARQ is enabled using the N channel‘stop and wait’ protocol, which provides a fast response to packet errors and improves celledgecoverage. Both combining and incremental redundancy are supported to improve the
WiMAX 263Table 5-27(OFDMA)FEC coding and modulation parameters for uplink and downlinkPHY mode Modulation Inner Outer coding Overall Efficiencycoding coding rate (bit/s/Hz)0 BPSK CC 1/2 No 1/2 0.51 QPSK CC 2/3 RS(24,18,3) 1/2 1.02 QPSK CC 5/6 RS(30,26,2) ∼ 3/4 ∼ 1.53 16-QAM CC 2/3 RS(48,36,6) 1/2 2.04 16-QAM CC 5/6 RS(60,54,3) 3/4 3.05 (optional) 64-QAM CC 3/4 RS(80,72,4) 2/3 4.06 (optional) 64-QAM CC 5/6 RS(90,82,4) ∼ 3/4 ∼ 4.5Table 5-28FEC coding and modulation parameters for uplink and downlink (S-OFDMA)Link Downlink UplinkModulation QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM(optional)CC+RS 1/2, 2/3, 3/4, 5/6 1/2, 2/3, 5/6Code rate CTC 1/2, 2/3, 3/4, 5/6 1/2, 2/3, 5/6Repetition 1/2, 1/4, 1/6 1/2, 1/4, 1/6reliability of the re-transmission. A dedicated ACK channel is provided in the uplink forHARQ ACK/NACK signaling. At the cost of higher overheads, the HARQ combined withadaptive coding and modulation provides robust link adaptation in mobile environmentsat vehicular speeds up to 120 km/h.5.3.5 Transmit Diversity / MIMO in WiMAXThe implementation of transmit diversity with MIMO is not mandatory [23, 24]. Threeschemes are supported [29]: (a) space–time coding (STC), (b) spatial multiplexing (SM),and (c) adaptive antenna systems (AAS).– Space–time coding (STC). The procedure specified here is the Alamouti STC scheme.STC is foreseen as an option for both WirelessMAN-OFDM and WirelessMAN-(S)-OFDMA schemes (see Figure 5-38). Two transmit antennas are foreseen. Dependingon the receiver implementation one or two antennas could be used. The diversitycombining gain will be larger if two Rx antennas are implemented.
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Multi-Carrier andSpread SpectrumSys
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This edition first published 2008©
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Contentsix4.3.2 One-Dimensional Cha
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ForewordThis book discusses multi-c
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Preface (First Edition)Nowadays, mu
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AcknowledgementsThe authors would l
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2 Introductionambitious technologic
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4 IntroductionTables 1 and 2 summar
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6 IntroductionPower densityTimeFreq
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8 Introductiona high immunity again
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10 Introductionprocessing gain P G
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12 Introductionand interactive mult
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14 Introduction[43] Saltzberg, B. R
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16 FundamentalsBSTSFigure 1-1Time-v
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18 Fundamentalswhere p =|a p | 2 (1
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20 Fundamentalssuch that the effect
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22 FundamentalsTable 1-2 Delay powe
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24 Fundamentals(i) Fixed Positioned
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26 Fundamentalson sub-channel n of
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28 Fundamentals10 010 −1OFDM (OFD
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30 Fundamentalsin order to achieve
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32 FundamentalsThe discrete length
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34 FundamentalsThe following matrix
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36 FundamentalsTable 1-11Wireless l
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38 FundamentalsFrequency hopping (F
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40 FundamentalsFinally, a threshold
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42 Fundamentals1.3.3 Applications o
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44 FundamentalsTable 1-12Radio link
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46 FundamentalsOrthogonalV-SF codeF
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{{48 Fundamentalsdata symbolsspread
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50 FundamentalsCellular Mobile Radi
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52 Fundamentals[27] Haindl B., “M
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2MC-CDMA and MC-DS-CDMAIn this chap
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MC-CDMA 57whered = (d (0) ,d (1) ,.
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MC-CDMA 59i.e. the spreading is per
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MC-CDMA 61Table 2-1 PAPR bounds of
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MC-CDMA 632.1.4.4 Rotated Constella
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MC-CDMA 65After inverse OFDM the re
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MC-CDMA 67and requires only informa
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MC-CDMA 69hard interference evaluat
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MC-CDMA 71Thedataofthedesireduserk
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MC-CDMA 73L corresponds to the spre
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MC-CDMA 752.1.7 Combined Equalizati
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MC-CDMA 77broadcasting, WLAN, and W
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MC-CDMA 792.1.8.1 Log-Likelihood Ra
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MC-CDMA 81For coded MC-CDMA systems
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MC-CDMA 83where Q different user gr
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MC-CDMA 85Table 2-2MC-CDMA system p
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MC-CDMA 87first iteration. The opti
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MC-CDMA 8910 010 −110 −2BER10
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MC-CDMA 9110 010 −1BER10 −210
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MC-CDMA 9310 010 −110 −2BER10
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MC-DS-CDMA 95c (k) (t)f 00d (k)S/P+
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MC-DS-CDMA 97The user-specific dela
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MC-DS-CDMA 9910 010 −1BER10 −21
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References 101[7] Brüninghaus K. a
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References 103[49] Steiner B., “U
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106 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesI
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108 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemesw
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110 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemest
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112 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesO
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114 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesT
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116 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesA
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120 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemest
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122 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesA
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126 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemes[
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4Implementation IssuesA general PHY
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Multi-Carrier Modulation and Demodu
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Synchronization 139The performance
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Synchronization 141null symbol as a
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Synchronization 143resulting SNR ca
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Synchronization 145SNR Degradation
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Synchronization 147FFTr(k)estimated
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Synchronization 149the timing error
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Synchronization 151A first simple s
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Synchronization 153Transmitted 2 re
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Channel Estimation 155Special cases
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Channel Estimation 157The mean squa
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Channel Estimation 159by the second
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Channel Estimation 161Given the nor
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Channel Estimation 163and f D, filt
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Channel Estimation 16510 010 −110
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Channel Estimation 16710 010 −13
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Channel Estimation 169in order to r
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Channel Estimation 17110 010 −1BU
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Channel Estimation 173timefreq. 00
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Channel Coding and Decoding 1754.4.
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Channel Coding and Decoding 177Tabl
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Channel Coding and Decoding 179a (k
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Channel Coding and Decoding 181n rk
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Channel Coding and Decoding 183Bit
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Channel Coding and Decoding 185Bit
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Signal Constellation, Mapping, De-M
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Signal Constellation, Mapping, De-M
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Adaptive Techniques in Multi-Carrie
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RF Issues 193hence reduce, for inst
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RF Issues 195s(t)r(t)e jf(t)White n
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RF Issues 197receivedsignalto detec
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RF Issues 1994.7.2.1 Effects of Non
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RF Issues 2011e−011e−02UplinkDo
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RF Issues 203of data pre-distortion
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RF Issues 205Table 4-8Minimum total
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RF Issues 207Detection strategyIn t
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RF Issues 209above formula becomes(
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Page 237 and 238: Introduction 217high speed as well
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Page 241 and 242: 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 221U
Page 243 and 244: 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 2231
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Page 249 and 250: 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 229C
Page 257 and 258: WiMAX 237Table 5-12 Downlink LTE sp
Page 259 and 260: WiMAX 239Wi-FiBusinessTSWiMAX BSTSM
Page 261 and 262: WiMAX 241Table 5-16Summary of the I
Page 263 and 264: WiMAX 243WiMAXInteroperabilityInter
Page 265 and 266: WiMAX 245UNIAirinterfaceSNITerminal
Page 267 and 268: WiMAX 247Radio ResourceControlIniti
Page 269 and 270: WiMAX 249Frame n−1 Frame n Frame
Page 271 and 272: WiMAX 251Read RF-Channel ListScan F
Page 273 and 274: WiMAX 253NormaloperationTS measures
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Page 277 and 278: WiMAX 257Total bandwidth (between 1
Page 279 and 280: WiMAX 259Sub-carriers (frequency)n0
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Page 287 and 288: WiMAX 267Frame n−1 Frame n Frame
Page 289 and 290: WiMAX 269Table 5-29WirelessMAN-OFDM
Page 291 and 292: WiMAX 2710Power density in dB−25
Page 293 and 294: WiMAX 273Table 5-37diversityPeak da
Page 295 and 296: WiMAX 275Table 5-41DL link budget e
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Page 305 and 306: Wireless Local Area Networks 285fre
Page 307 and 308: Interaction Channel for DVB-T: DVB-
Page 317 and 318: References 297Table 5-58Parameters
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312 Additional Techniques for Capac
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340 Definitions, Abbreviations, and
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350 SymbolsG l,lGG [j]h(t)h(τ,t)H(
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Index3GPP 218Adaptive techniques 19
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Index 355Forward error correction (
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Index 357Multi-carrier modulation a
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Index 359Maximum likelihood paramet
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