Multi-Carrier and Spread Spectrum Systems: From OFDM and MC ...

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92 MC-CDMA and MC-DS-CDMA10 010 −110 −2BER10 −310 −4MRTEGTZFCE, a th = 0.175Quasi MMSE10 −50 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20E b /N 0 in dBFigure 2-21 BER versus SNR for MC-CDMA with different pre-equalization techniques in theuplink: fully loaded system; no FEC codingIn Figure 2-21, the BER versus the SNR for an MC-CDMA system with differentpre-equalization techniques in the uplink is shown. The system is fully loaded. It can beobserved that with pre-equalization a fully loaded MC-CDMA system can achieve promisingresults in the uplink. Quasi MMSE pre-equalization and controlled pre-equalizationwith a threshold of a th = 0.175 outperform other pre-equalization techniques.When assuming that the information about the uplink channel for pre-equalization isonly available at the beginning of each transmission frame, the performance of the systemdegrades with increasing frame duration due to the time variation of the channel. A typicalscenario would be that at the beginning of each frame a feedback channel provides thetransmitter with the required channel state information. Of importance for the selection ofa proper frame duration is that it is smaller than the coherence time of the channel. Theinfluence of the frame length for an MC-CDMA system with controlled pre-equalizationis shown in Figure 2-22. The Doppler frequency is 26 Hz and the OFDM symbol durationis 13.6 µs.In Figure 2-23, the performance of an MC-CDMA system with controlled pre-equalizationand an update of the channel coefficients at the beginning of each OFDM frame is shown fordifferent system loads. An OFDM frame consists of 200 OFDM symbols.In the following, the performance of different combined equalization techniques ina multi-user MC-CDMA uplink is shown. The system is fully loaded, i.e. L users areactive per subsystem. Walsh–Hadamard codes of length L = 8 are used. At the receiver,a soft interference canceller with three iterations is applied. The ETSI BRAN ChannelE [36] is taken as the propagation channel. Figure 2-24 illustrates the BER versus SNRperformance of a fully loaded rate 1/2 coded uplink MC-CDMA system.
MC-CDMA 9310 010 −110 −2BER10 −310 −4200 OFDM symbols150 OFDM symbols100 OFDM symbols50 OFDM symbols1 OFDM symbol10 −50 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20E b /N 0 in dBFigure 2-22 BER versus SNR for MC-CDMA with controlled pre-equalization and differentframe lengths in the uplink: fully loaded system; no FEC coding10 010 −110 −2BER10 −310 −416 users8 users4 users1 user10 −50 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20E b /N 0 in dBFigure 2-23 BER versus SNR for MC-CDMA with controlled pre-equalization and differentsystem loads in the uplink: frame length is equal to 200 OFDM symbols; no FEC coding
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Multi-Carrier andSpread SpectrumSys
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This edition first published 2008©
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Contentsix4.3.2 One-Dimensional Cha
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ForewordThis book discusses multi-c
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Preface (First Edition)Nowadays, mu
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AcknowledgementsThe authors would l
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2 Introductionambitious technologic
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4 IntroductionTables 1 and 2 summar
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6 IntroductionPower densityTimeFreq
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8 Introductiona high immunity again
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10 Introductionprocessing gain P G
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12 Introductionand interactive mult
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14 Introduction[43] Saltzberg, B. R
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16 FundamentalsBSTSFigure 1-1Time-v
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18 Fundamentalswhere p =|a p | 2 (1
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20 Fundamentalssuch that the effect
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22 FundamentalsTable 1-2 Delay powe
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24 Fundamentals(i) Fixed Positioned
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26 Fundamentalson sub-channel n of
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28 Fundamentals10 010 −1OFDM (OFD
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30 Fundamentalsin order to achieve
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32 FundamentalsThe discrete length
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34 FundamentalsThe following matrix
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36 FundamentalsTable 1-11Wireless l
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38 FundamentalsFrequency hopping (F
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40 FundamentalsFinally, a threshold
Page 62 and 63: 42 Fundamentals1.3.3 Applications o
Page 64 and 65: 44 FundamentalsTable 1-12Radio link
Page 66 and 67: 46 FundamentalsOrthogonalV-SF codeF
Page 68 and 69: {{48 Fundamentalsdata symbolsspread
Page 70 and 71: 50 FundamentalsCellular Mobile Radi
Page 72 and 73: 52 Fundamentals[27] Haindl B., “M
Page 75 and 76: 2MC-CDMA and MC-DS-CDMAIn this chap
Page 77 and 78: MC-CDMA 57whered = (d (0) ,d (1) ,.
Page 79 and 80: MC-CDMA 59i.e. the spreading is per
Page 81 and 82: MC-CDMA 61Table 2-1 PAPR bounds of
Page 83 and 84: MC-CDMA 632.1.4.4 Rotated Constella
Page 85 and 86: MC-CDMA 65After inverse OFDM the re
Page 87 and 88: MC-CDMA 67and requires only informa
Page 89 and 90: MC-CDMA 69hard interference evaluat
Page 91 and 92: MC-CDMA 71Thedataofthedesireduserk
Page 93 and 94: MC-CDMA 73L corresponds to the spre
Page 95 and 96: MC-CDMA 752.1.7 Combined Equalizati
Page 97 and 98: MC-CDMA 77broadcasting, WLAN, and W
Page 99 and 100: MC-CDMA 792.1.8.1 Log-Likelihood Ra
Page 101 and 102: MC-CDMA 81For coded MC-CDMA systems
Page 103 and 104: MC-CDMA 83where Q different user gr
Page 105 and 106: MC-CDMA 85Table 2-2MC-CDMA system p
Page 107 and 108: MC-CDMA 87first iteration. The opti
Page 109 and 110: MC-CDMA 8910 010 −110 −2BER10
Page 111: MC-CDMA 9110 010 −1BER10 −210
Page 115 and 116: MC-DS-CDMA 95c (k) (t)f 00d (k)S/P+
Page 117 and 118: MC-DS-CDMA 97The user-specific dela
Page 119 and 120: MC-DS-CDMA 9910 010 −1BER10 −21
Page 121 and 122: References 101[7] Brüninghaus K. a
Page 123: References 103[49] Steiner B., “U
Page 126 and 127: 106 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesI
Page 128 and 129: 108 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemesw
Page 130 and 131: 110 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemest
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Page 134 and 135: 114 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesT
Page 136 and 137: 116 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesA
Page 140 and 141: 120 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemest
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Page 146 and 147: 126 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemes[
Page 149 and 150: 4Implementation IssuesA general PHY
Page 151 and 152: Multi-Carrier Modulation and Demodu
Page 159 and 160: Synchronization 139The performance
Page 161 and 162: Synchronization 141null symbol as a
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Synchronization 143resulting SNR ca
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Synchronization 145SNR Degradation
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Synchronization 147FFTr(k)estimated
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Synchronization 149the timing error
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Synchronization 151A first simple s
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Synchronization 153Transmitted 2 re
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Channel Estimation 155Special cases
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Channel Estimation 157The mean squa
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Channel Estimation 159by the second
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Channel Estimation 161Given the nor
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Channel Estimation 163and f D, filt
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Channel Estimation 16510 010 −110
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Channel Estimation 16710 010 −13
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Channel Estimation 169in order to r
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Channel Estimation 17110 010 −1BU
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Channel Estimation 173timefreq. 00
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Channel Coding and Decoding 1754.4.
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Channel Coding and Decoding 177Tabl
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Channel Coding and Decoding 179a (k
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Channel Coding and Decoding 181n rk
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Channel Coding and Decoding 183Bit
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Channel Coding and Decoding 185Bit
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Signal Constellation, Mapping, De-M
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Signal Constellation, Mapping, De-M
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Adaptive Techniques in Multi-Carrie
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RF Issues 193hence reduce, for inst
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RF Issues 195s(t)r(t)e jf(t)White n
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RF Issues 197receivedsignalto detec
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RF Issues 1994.7.2.1 Effects of Non
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RF Issues 2011e−011e−02UplinkDo
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RF Issues 203of data pre-distortion
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RF Issues 205Table 4-8Minimum total
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RF Issues 207Detection strategyIn t
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RF Issues 209above formula becomes(
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References 211[21] Fazel K., “Nar
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References 213[66] Nobilet S., Hela
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5Applications5.1 IntroductionThe de
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Introduction 217high speed as well
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 219H
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 221U
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 2231
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 227T
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 229C
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WiMAX 237Table 5-12 Downlink LTE sp
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WiMAX 239Wi-FiBusinessTSWiMAX BSTSM
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WiMAX 241Table 5-16Summary of the I
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WiMAX 243WiMAXInteroperabilityInter
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WiMAX 245UNIAirinterfaceSNITerminal
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WiMAX 247Radio ResourceControlIniti
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WiMAX 249Frame n−1 Frame n Frame
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WiMAX 251Read RF-Channel ListScan F
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WiMAX 253NormaloperationTS measures
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WiMAX 255Table 5-18Example of some
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WiMAX 257Total bandwidth (between 1
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WiMAX 259Sub-carriers (frequency)n0
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ApplicationsWiMAX 261Table 5-23 Gen
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WiMAX 263Table 5-27(OFDMA)FEC codin
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WiMAX 265M-QAMMappingSTC withSpatia
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WiMAX 267Frame n−1 Frame n Frame
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WiMAX 269Table 5-29WirelessMAN-OFDM
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WiMAX 2710Power density in dB−25
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WiMAX 273Table 5-37diversityPeak da
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WiMAX 275Table 5-41DL link budget e
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Future Mobile Communications Concep
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Wireless Local Area Networks 283MTB
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Wireless Local Area Networks 285fre
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Interaction Channel for DVB-T: DVB-
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References 297Table 5-58Parameters
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References 299[32] Taoka H., Higuch
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302 Additional Techniques for Capac
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340 Definitions, Abbreviations, and
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350 SymbolsG l,lGG [j]h(t)h(τ,t)H(
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Index3GPP 218Adaptive techniques 19
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Index 355Forward error correction (
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Index 357Multi-carrier modulation a
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Index 359Maximum likelihood paramet
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