Multi-Carrier and Spread Spectrum Systems: From OFDM and MC ...

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Sub-channel numbering (frequency)258 Applications0123:k-1 k k+1 k+2nn+1n+2n+3.n+11n+12n+13n+14n+15.n+23n+24n+25n+26n+27.n+35OFDM symbol numbering (time)313 OFDM symbolsNote: The numbers n, n+1, ... in the boxes indicate indices in the FEC block.Figure 5-35Mapping of FEC blocks to OFDMA sub-channels and symbolsN is a positive integer. The smallest number of allocated sub-channels per terminal stationis one sub-channel for a duration of four OFDM symbols, where the first OFDM symbolis a preamble.OFDMA Downlink Sub-Carrier AllocationAs shown in Figure 5-36, for the downlink the pilots will have both fixed and variablepositions [23]. The variable pilot location structure is repeated every four symbols. Theallocated data sub-carriers are partitioned into groups of contiguous sub-carriers. Thenumber of groups is therefore equal to the number of sub-carriers per sub-channel. InTable 5-21, the basic OFDMA downlink parameters are given.OFDMA Uplink Sub-Carrier AllocationThe total number of used sub-carriers is first partitioned into sub-channels (see Figure 5-37[23]). Within each sub-channel, there are 48 data sub-carriers, 1 fixed located pilot subcarrier,and 4 variable located pilot sub-carriers. The fixed located pilot is always atsub-carrier 26 within each sub-channel. The variable located pilot sub-carriers are repeatedevery 13 symbols. The fixed and the variable positioned pilots will never coincide.In Table 5-22 and 5-23 the OFDMA uplink parameters and guard times respectivelyare given. Note that for OFDMA with 2048 sub-carriers the symbol duration and guardtimes will be four times longer than in the case of the OFDM mode with 256 sub-carriers.Scalable OFDMAThe IEEE 802.16e OFDMA mode for mobile applications is based on the concept ofscalable OFDMA. This means that it supports a wide range of bandwidths in order tocope with different channel allocations. The scalability is supported by adjusting the FFTsize while keeping the sub-carrier frequency spacing constant at 10.94 kHz. Therefore,the so-called ‘resource unit’ (sub-carrier bandwidth and symbol duration) is constant.Hence, the impact of a higher protocol layer is minimal when scaling the bandwidth. The
WiMAX 259Sub-carriers (frequency)n012 24N c −1n+1OFDM symbols (time)n+2n+30 6 180 3 150 9 21N c −1N c −1N c −1n+40 12 24Fixed location pilot Variable location pilot DataN c −1Figure 5-36Sub-carrier allocation in the downlinkTable 5-21OFDMA downlink sub-carrier allocationParameterValueNumber of DC sub-carriers 1Number of guard sub-carriers, left/right 173/172Number of used sub-carriers 1702Total number of sub-carriers 2048Number of variable located pilots 142Number of fixed located pilots 32Total number of pilots166 (where 8 fixed and variablepilots coincide)Number of data sub-carriers 1536Number of sub-channels 32Number of sub-carriers per sub-channel 48
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Multi-Carrier andSpread SpectrumSys
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This edition first published 2008©
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Contentsix4.3.2 One-Dimensional Cha
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ForewordThis book discusses multi-c
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Preface (First Edition)Nowadays, mu
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AcknowledgementsThe authors would l
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2 Introductionambitious technologic
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4 IntroductionTables 1 and 2 summar
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6 IntroductionPower densityTimeFreq
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8 Introductiona high immunity again
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10 Introductionprocessing gain P G
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12 Introductionand interactive mult
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14 Introduction[43] Saltzberg, B. R
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16 FundamentalsBSTSFigure 1-1Time-v
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18 Fundamentalswhere p =|a p | 2 (1
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20 Fundamentalssuch that the effect
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22 FundamentalsTable 1-2 Delay powe
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24 Fundamentals(i) Fixed Positioned
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26 Fundamentalson sub-channel n of
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28 Fundamentals10 010 −1OFDM (OFD
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30 Fundamentalsin order to achieve
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32 FundamentalsThe discrete length
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34 FundamentalsThe following matrix
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36 FundamentalsTable 1-11Wireless l
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38 FundamentalsFrequency hopping (F
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40 FundamentalsFinally, a threshold
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42 Fundamentals1.3.3 Applications o
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44 FundamentalsTable 1-12Radio link
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46 FundamentalsOrthogonalV-SF codeF
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{{48 Fundamentalsdata symbolsspread
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50 FundamentalsCellular Mobile Radi
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52 Fundamentals[27] Haindl B., “M
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2MC-CDMA and MC-DS-CDMAIn this chap
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MC-CDMA 57whered = (d (0) ,d (1) ,.
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MC-CDMA 59i.e. the spreading is per
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MC-CDMA 61Table 2-1 PAPR bounds of
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MC-CDMA 632.1.4.4 Rotated Constella
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MC-CDMA 65After inverse OFDM the re
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MC-CDMA 67and requires only informa
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MC-CDMA 69hard interference evaluat
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MC-CDMA 71Thedataofthedesireduserk
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MC-CDMA 73L corresponds to the spre
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MC-CDMA 752.1.7 Combined Equalizati
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MC-CDMA 77broadcasting, WLAN, and W
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MC-CDMA 792.1.8.1 Log-Likelihood Ra
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MC-CDMA 81For coded MC-CDMA systems
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MC-CDMA 83where Q different user gr
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MC-CDMA 85Table 2-2MC-CDMA system p
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MC-CDMA 87first iteration. The opti
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MC-CDMA 8910 010 −110 −2BER10
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MC-CDMA 9110 010 −1BER10 −210
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MC-CDMA 9310 010 −110 −2BER10
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MC-DS-CDMA 95c (k) (t)f 00d (k)S/P+
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MC-DS-CDMA 97The user-specific dela
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MC-DS-CDMA 9910 010 −1BER10 −21
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References 101[7] Brüninghaus K. a
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References 103[49] Steiner B., “U
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106 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesI
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108 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemesw
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110 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemest
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112 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesO
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114 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesT
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116 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesA
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120 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemest
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122 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesA
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126 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemes[
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4Implementation IssuesA general PHY
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Multi-Carrier Modulation and Demodu
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Synchronization 139The performance
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Synchronization 141null symbol as a
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Synchronization 143resulting SNR ca
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Synchronization 145SNR Degradation
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Synchronization 147FFTr(k)estimated
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Synchronization 149the timing error
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Synchronization 151A first simple s
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Synchronization 153Transmitted 2 re
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Channel Estimation 155Special cases
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Channel Estimation 157The mean squa
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Channel Estimation 159by the second
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Channel Estimation 161Given the nor
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Channel Estimation 163and f D, filt
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Channel Estimation 16510 010 −110
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Channel Estimation 16710 010 −13
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Channel Estimation 169in order to r
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Channel Estimation 17110 010 −1BU
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Channel Estimation 173timefreq. 00
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Channel Coding and Decoding 1754.4.
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Channel Coding and Decoding 177Tabl
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Channel Coding and Decoding 179a (k
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Channel Coding and Decoding 181n rk
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Channel Coding and Decoding 183Bit
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Channel Coding and Decoding 185Bit
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Signal Constellation, Mapping, De-M
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Signal Constellation, Mapping, De-M
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Adaptive Techniques in Multi-Carrie
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RF Issues 193hence reduce, for inst
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RF Issues 195s(t)r(t)e jf(t)White n
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RF Issues 197receivedsignalto detec
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RF Issues 1994.7.2.1 Effects of Non
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RF Issues 2011e−011e−02UplinkDo
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RF Issues 203of data pre-distortion
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RF Issues 205Table 4-8Minimum total
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Page 237 and 238: Introduction 217high speed as well
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Page 241 and 242: 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 221U
Page 243 and 244: 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 2231
Page 247 and 248: 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 227T
Page 249 and 250: 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 229C
Page 257 and 258: WiMAX 237Table 5-12 Downlink LTE sp
Page 259 and 260: WiMAX 239Wi-FiBusinessTSWiMAX BSTSM
Page 261 and 262: WiMAX 241Table 5-16Summary of the I
Page 263 and 264: WiMAX 243WiMAXInteroperabilityInter
Page 265 and 266: WiMAX 245UNIAirinterfaceSNITerminal
Page 267 and 268: WiMAX 247Radio ResourceControlIniti
Page 269 and 270: WiMAX 249Frame n−1 Frame n Frame
Page 271 and 272: WiMAX 251Read RF-Channel ListScan F
Page 273 and 274: WiMAX 253NormaloperationTS measures
Page 275 and 276: WiMAX 255Table 5-18Example of some
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Page 281 and 282: ApplicationsWiMAX 261Table 5-23 Gen
Page 283 and 284: WiMAX 263Table 5-27(OFDMA)FEC codin
Page 285 and 286: WiMAX 265M-QAMMappingSTC withSpatia
Page 287 and 288: WiMAX 267Frame n−1 Frame n Frame
Page 289 and 290: WiMAX 269Table 5-29WirelessMAN-OFDM
Page 291 and 292: WiMAX 2710Power density in dB−25
Page 293 and 294: WiMAX 273Table 5-37diversityPeak da
Page 295 and 296: WiMAX 275Table 5-41DL link budget e
Page 297 and 298: Future Mobile Communications Concep
Page 303 and 304: Wireless Local Area Networks 283MTB
Page 305 and 306: Wireless Local Area Networks 285fre
Page 307 and 308: Interaction Channel for DVB-T: DVB-
Page 317 and 318: References 297Table 5-58Parameters
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308 Additional Techniques for Capac
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340 Definitions, Abbreviations, and
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350 SymbolsG l,lGG [j]h(t)h(τ,t)H(
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Index3GPP 218Adaptive techniques 19
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Index 355Forward error correction (
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Index 357Multi-carrier modulation a
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Index 359Maximum likelihood paramet
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