Multi-Carrier and Spread Spectrum Systems: From OFDM and MC ...

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330 Additional Techniques for Capacity and Flexibility Enhancement10.11TxSPCSDQEGTEGTMRT0.01BER0.0010.000110 −54 6 8 10 12 14SNR in dBFigure 6-32 BER versus SNR for different spatial pre-coding schemes with channel estimationerrors; same total pilot power per schemeTable 6-2 Gain with CDM compared to OFDM withoutspreading for different spatial diversity and pre-coding schemes ataBER= 10 −5 1Tx CDD SPC EGT MRTGain with CDM 1.7 dB 3.1 dB 1.5 dB 1.4 dB 1.4 dBsoft IC with one iteration is applied. The parameters are the same as in Section 6.4.5.2except that the channel estimation is perfect.Table 6-2 shows the gain achievable with CDM in OFDM systems for different spatialdiversity and pre-coding schemes at a BER of 10 −5 . It can be observed that OFDM-CDM outperforms OFDM without spreading in all investigated scenarios. The highestperformance improvements can be obtained by combining CDM with CDD. The reasonis that CDD increases the fading ratio of the channel, which can be better exploited byCDM. The other spatial pre-coding schemes result in a more flat fading channel at theRx antenna. If the channel would be completely flat, OFDM-CDM and OFDM wouldperform identically.
Software-Defined Radio 3310.10.011TxCDDSPCEGTMRT0.001BER0.000110 −510 −60 4 8 12 16SNR in dBFigure 6-33 BER versus SNR for OFDM-CDM with CDD, SPC, EGT, and MRT: COST 207TU channel, fully loaded, R = 2/3, QPSK, = 0.4The performance of OFDM-CDM with CDD, SPC, EGT, and MRT is shown inFigure 6-33. The system is fully loaded. The results show that CDD achieves a significantperformance improvement of about 3 dB at a BER of 10 −5 compared to the 1Txscheme. Further investigations on OFDM-CDM with spatial diversity can be found inReference [19].6.5 Software-Defined RadioThe transmission rate for future wireless systems may vary from low rate messages upto very high rate data services up to 1 Gbit/s. The communication channel may changein terms of its grade of mobility, the cellular infrastructure, the required symmetrical orasymmetrical transmission capacity, and whether it is indoor or outdoor. Hence, air interfaceswith high flexibility are required in order to maximize the area spectrum efficiencyin a variety of communication environments. Future systems are also expected to supportvarious types of services based on the IP protocol, which require a varying quality ofservices (QoS).Recent advances in digital technology enable the faster introduction of new standardsthat benefit from the most advanced physical (PHY) and data link control (DLC) layers(see Table 6-3). These trends are still growing and new standards or their enhancementsare being added continuously to the existing network infrastructures. As explained in
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Multi-Carrier andSpread SpectrumSys
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This edition first published 2008©
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Contentsix4.3.2 One-Dimensional Cha
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ForewordThis book discusses multi-c
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Preface (First Edition)Nowadays, mu
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AcknowledgementsThe authors would l
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2 Introductionambitious technologic
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4 IntroductionTables 1 and 2 summar
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6 IntroductionPower densityTimeFreq
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8 Introductiona high immunity again
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10 Introductionprocessing gain P G
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12 Introductionand interactive mult
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14 Introduction[43] Saltzberg, B. R
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16 FundamentalsBSTSFigure 1-1Time-v
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18 Fundamentalswhere p =|a p | 2 (1
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20 Fundamentalssuch that the effect
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22 FundamentalsTable 1-2 Delay powe
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24 Fundamentals(i) Fixed Positioned
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26 Fundamentalson sub-channel n of
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28 Fundamentals10 010 −1OFDM (OFD
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30 Fundamentalsin order to achieve
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32 FundamentalsThe discrete length
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34 FundamentalsThe following matrix
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36 FundamentalsTable 1-11Wireless l
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38 FundamentalsFrequency hopping (F
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40 FundamentalsFinally, a threshold
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42 Fundamentals1.3.3 Applications o
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44 FundamentalsTable 1-12Radio link
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46 FundamentalsOrthogonalV-SF codeF
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{{48 Fundamentalsdata symbolsspread
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50 FundamentalsCellular Mobile Radi
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52 Fundamentals[27] Haindl B., “M
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2MC-CDMA and MC-DS-CDMAIn this chap
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MC-CDMA 57whered = (d (0) ,d (1) ,.
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MC-CDMA 59i.e. the spreading is per
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MC-CDMA 61Table 2-1 PAPR bounds of
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MC-CDMA 632.1.4.4 Rotated Constella
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MC-CDMA 65After inverse OFDM the re
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MC-CDMA 67and requires only informa
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MC-CDMA 69hard interference evaluat
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MC-CDMA 71Thedataofthedesireduserk
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MC-CDMA 73L corresponds to the spre
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MC-CDMA 752.1.7 Combined Equalizati
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MC-CDMA 77broadcasting, WLAN, and W
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MC-CDMA 792.1.8.1 Log-Likelihood Ra
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MC-CDMA 81For coded MC-CDMA systems
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MC-CDMA 83where Q different user gr
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MC-CDMA 85Table 2-2MC-CDMA system p
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MC-CDMA 87first iteration. The opti
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MC-CDMA 8910 010 −110 −2BER10
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MC-CDMA 9110 010 −1BER10 −210
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MC-CDMA 9310 010 −110 −2BER10
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MC-DS-CDMA 95c (k) (t)f 00d (k)S/P+
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MC-DS-CDMA 97The user-specific dela
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MC-DS-CDMA 9910 010 −1BER10 −21
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References 101[7] Brüninghaus K. a
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References 103[49] Steiner B., “U
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106 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesI
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108 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemesw
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110 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemest
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112 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesO
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114 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesT
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116 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesA
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120 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemest
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122 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesA
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126 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemes[
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4Implementation IssuesA general PHY
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Multi-Carrier Modulation and Demodu
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Synchronization 139The performance
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Synchronization 141null symbol as a
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Synchronization 143resulting SNR ca
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Synchronization 145SNR Degradation
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Synchronization 147FFTr(k)estimated
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Synchronization 149the timing error
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Synchronization 151A first simple s
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Synchronization 153Transmitted 2 re
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Channel Estimation 155Special cases
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Channel Estimation 157The mean squa
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Channel Estimation 159by the second
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Channel Estimation 161Given the nor
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Channel Estimation 163and f D, filt
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Channel Estimation 16510 010 −110
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Channel Estimation 16710 010 −13
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Channel Estimation 169in order to r
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Channel Estimation 17110 010 −1BU
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Channel Estimation 173timefreq. 00
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Channel Coding and Decoding 1754.4.
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Channel Coding and Decoding 177Tabl
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Channel Coding and Decoding 179a (k
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Channel Coding and Decoding 181n rk
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Channel Coding and Decoding 183Bit
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Channel Coding and Decoding 185Bit
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Signal Constellation, Mapping, De-M
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Signal Constellation, Mapping, De-M
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Adaptive Techniques in Multi-Carrie
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RF Issues 193hence reduce, for inst
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RF Issues 195s(t)r(t)e jf(t)White n
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RF Issues 197receivedsignalto detec
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RF Issues 1994.7.2.1 Effects of Non
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RF Issues 2011e−011e−02UplinkDo
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RF Issues 203of data pre-distortion
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RF Issues 205Table 4-8Minimum total
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RF Issues 207Detection strategyIn t
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RF Issues 209above formula becomes(
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References 211[21] Fazel K., “Nar
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References 213[66] Nobilet S., Hela
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5Applications5.1 IntroductionThe de
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Introduction 217high speed as well
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 219H
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 221U
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 2231
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 227T
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 229C
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WiMAX 237Table 5-12 Downlink LTE sp
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WiMAX 239Wi-FiBusinessTSWiMAX BSTSM
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WiMAX 241Table 5-16Summary of the I
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WiMAX 243WiMAXInteroperabilityInter
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WiMAX 245UNIAirinterfaceSNITerminal
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WiMAX 247Radio ResourceControlIniti
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WiMAX 249Frame n−1 Frame n Frame
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WiMAX 251Read RF-Channel ListScan F
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WiMAX 253NormaloperationTS measures
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WiMAX 255Table 5-18Example of some
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WiMAX 257Total bandwidth (between 1
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WiMAX 259Sub-carriers (frequency)n0
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ApplicationsWiMAX 261Table 5-23 Gen
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WiMAX 263Table 5-27(OFDMA)FEC codin
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WiMAX 265M-QAMMappingSTC withSpatia
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WiMAX 267Frame n−1 Frame n Frame
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WiMAX 269Table 5-29WirelessMAN-OFDM
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WiMAX 2710Power density in dB−25
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WiMAX 273Table 5-37diversityPeak da
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WiMAX 275Table 5-41DL link budget e
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Future Mobile Communications Concep
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Page 317 and 318: References 297Table 5-58Parameters
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Page 373 and 374: Index3GPP 218Adaptive techniques 19
Page 375 and 376: Index 355Forward error correction (
Page 377 and 378: Index 357Multi-carrier modulation a
Page 379 and 380: Index 359Maximum likelihood paramet
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Multi-Carrier and Spread Spectrum Systems: From OFDM and MC ...

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