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IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference (GLOBECOM ’96),London, UK, pp. 1784–1788, Nov. 1997.[31] Kondo S. <strong>and</strong> Milstein L. B., “Performance of multi-carrier DS-CDMA systems,” IEEE Transactions onCommunications, vol. 44, pp. 238–246, Feb. 1996.[32] Kühn V., “Combined MMSE-PIC in coded <strong>OFDM</strong>-CDMA systems,” in Proc. IEEE Global TelecommunicationsConference (GLOBECOM 2001), San Antonio, USA, Nov. 2001.[33] Kühn V., Dekorsy A., <strong>and</strong> Kammeyer K.-D., “Channel coding aspects in an <strong>OFDM</strong>-CDMA system,” inProc. ITG Conference on Source <strong>and</strong> Channel Coding, Munich, Germany, pp. 31–36, Jan. 2000.[34] Liu H. <strong>and</strong> Yin H., “Receiver design in multi-carrier direct-sequence CDMA communications,” IEEETransactions on Communications, vol. 49, pp. 1479–1487, Aug. 2001.[35] Maxey J. J. <strong>and</strong> Ormondroyd R. F., “<strong>Multi</strong>-carrier CDMA using convolutional coding <strong>and</strong> interferencecancellation over fading channels,” in Proc. International Workshop on <strong>Multi</strong>-<strong>Carrier</strong> <strong>Spread</strong> <strong>Spectrum</strong>(<strong>MC</strong>-SS ’97), Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany, pp. 89–96, April 1997.[36] J. Medbo, “Channel models for HIPERLAN/2 in different indoor scenarios,” ETSI EP BRAN 3ERI085B,Mar. 1998.[37] Mottier D. <strong>and</strong> Castelain D., “SINR-based channel pre-compensation for uplink multi-carrier CDMAsystems,” in Proc. IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor <strong>and</strong> Mobile Radio Communications(PIMRC 2002), Lisbon, Portugal, Sept. 2002.[38] Nakagawa M. <strong>and</strong> Esmailzadeh R., “Time division duplex-CDMA,” in Proc. International Workshopon <strong>Multi</strong>-<strong>Carrier</strong> <strong>Spread</strong> <strong>Spectrum</strong> <strong>and</strong> Related Topics (<strong>MC</strong>-SS 2001), Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany,pp. 13–21, Sept. 2001.[39] Nobilet S., Helard J.-F., <strong>and</strong> Mottier D., “<strong>Spread</strong>ing sequences for uplink <strong>and</strong> downlink <strong>MC</strong>-CDMA systems:PAPR <strong>and</strong> MAI minimization,” European Transactions on Telecommunications (ETT), vol. 13,pp. 465–474, Sept./Oct. 2002.[40] Ochiai H. <strong>and</strong> Imai H., “Performance of <strong>OFDM</strong>-CDMA with simple peak power reduction,” EuropeanTransactions on Telecommunications (ETT), vol. 10, pp. 391–398, July/Aug. 1999.[41] Ochiai H. <strong>and</strong> Imai H., “Performance of downlink <strong>MC</strong>-CDMA with simple interference cancellation,” inProc. International Workshop on <strong>Multi</strong>-<strong>Carrier</strong> <strong>Spread</strong> <strong>Spectrum</strong> <strong>and</strong> Related Topics (<strong>MC</strong>-SS’99), Oberpfaffenhofen,Germany, pp. 211–218, Sept. 1999.[42] Persson A., Ottosson T., <strong>and</strong> Ström E., “Time-frequency localized CDMA for downlink multi-carrier systems,”in Proc. IEEE International Symposium on <strong>Spread</strong> <strong>Spectrum</strong> Techniques <strong>and</strong> Applications (ISSSTA2002), Prague, Czech Republic, pp. 118–122, Sept. 2002.[43] Popovic B. M., “<strong>Spread</strong>ing sequences for multicarrier CDMA systems,” IEEE Transactions on Communications,vol. 47, pp. 918–926, June 1999.[44] Proakis J., Digital Communications, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1995.[45] Pu Z., You X., Cheng S., <strong>and</strong> Wang H., “Transmission <strong>and</strong> reception of TDD multicarrier CDMA signalsin mobile communications system,” in Proc. IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC ’99-Spring),Houston, USA, pp. 2134–2138, May 1999.[46] Reinhardt M., Egle J., <strong>and</strong> Lindner J., “Transformation methods, coding <strong>and</strong> equalization for time<strong>and</strong>frequency-selective channels,” European Transactions on Telecommunications (ETT), vol. 11,pp. 555–565, Nov./Dec. 2000.[47] Schnell M., Systeminhärente Störungen bei “<strong>Spread</strong> <strong>Spectrum</strong>”-Vielfachzugriffsverfahren für die Mobilfunkübertragung,Düsseldorf: VDI-Verlag, Fortschritt-Berichte VDI, series 10, no. 505, 1997, PhD thesis.[48] Sourour E. A. <strong>and</strong> Nakagawa M., “Performance of orthogonal multi-carrier CDMA in a multipath fadingchannel,” IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 44, pp. 356–367, Mar. 1996.
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Multi-Carrier andSpread SpectrumSys
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This edition first published 2008©
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Contentsix4.3.2 One-Dimensional Cha
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ForewordThis book discusses multi-c
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Preface (First Edition)Nowadays, mu
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AcknowledgementsThe authors would l
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2 Introductionambitious technologic
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4 IntroductionTables 1 and 2 summar
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6 IntroductionPower densityTimeFreq
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8 Introductiona high immunity again
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10 Introductionprocessing gain P G
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12 Introductionand interactive mult
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14 Introduction[43] Saltzberg, B. R
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16 FundamentalsBSTSFigure 1-1Time-v
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18 Fundamentalswhere p =|a p | 2 (1
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20 Fundamentalssuch that the effect
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22 FundamentalsTable 1-2 Delay powe
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24 Fundamentals(i) Fixed Positioned
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26 Fundamentalson sub-channel n of
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28 Fundamentals10 010 −1OFDM (OFD
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30 Fundamentalsin order to achieve
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32 FundamentalsThe discrete length
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34 FundamentalsThe following matrix
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36 FundamentalsTable 1-11Wireless l
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38 FundamentalsFrequency hopping (F
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40 FundamentalsFinally, a threshold
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42 Fundamentals1.3.3 Applications o
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44 FundamentalsTable 1-12Radio link
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46 FundamentalsOrthogonalV-SF codeF
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{{48 Fundamentalsdata symbolsspread
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50 FundamentalsCellular Mobile Radi
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Synchronization 153Transmitted 2 re
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Channel Estimation 155Special cases
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Channel Estimation 157The mean squa
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Channel Estimation 159by the second
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Channel Estimation 161Given the nor
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Channel Estimation 163and f D, filt
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Channel Estimation 16510 010 −110
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Channel Estimation 16710 010 −13
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Channel Estimation 169in order to r
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Channel Estimation 17110 010 −1BU
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Channel Estimation 173timefreq. 00
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Channel Coding and Decoding 1754.4.
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Channel Coding and Decoding 177Tabl
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Channel Coding and Decoding 179a (k
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Channel Coding and Decoding 181n rk
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Channel Coding and Decoding 183Bit
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Channel Coding and Decoding 185Bit
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Signal Constellation, Mapping, De-M
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Signal Constellation, Mapping, De-M
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Adaptive Techniques in Multi-Carrie
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RF Issues 193hence reduce, for inst
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RF Issues 195s(t)r(t)e jf(t)White n
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RF Issues 197receivedsignalto detec
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RF Issues 1994.7.2.1 Effects of Non
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RF Issues 2011e−011e−02UplinkDo
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RF Issues 203of data pre-distortion
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RF Issues 205Table 4-8Minimum total
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RF Issues 207Detection strategyIn t
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RF Issues 209above formula becomes(
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References 211[21] Fazel K., “Nar
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References 213[66] Nobilet S., Hela
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5Applications5.1 IntroductionThe de
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Introduction 217high speed as well
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 219H
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 221U
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 2231
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 2251
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 227T
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 229C
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 2311
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 233T
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 235T
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WiMAX 237Table 5-12 Downlink LTE sp
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WiMAX 239Wi-FiBusinessTSWiMAX BSTSM
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WiMAX 241Table 5-16Summary of the I
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WiMAX 243WiMAXInteroperabilityInter
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WiMAX 245UNIAirinterfaceSNITerminal
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WiMAX 247Radio ResourceControlIniti
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WiMAX 249Frame n−1 Frame n Frame
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WiMAX 251Read RF-Channel ListScan F
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WiMAX 253NormaloperationTS measures
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WiMAX 255Table 5-18Example of some
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WiMAX 257Total bandwidth (between 1
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WiMAX 259Sub-carriers (frequency)n0
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ApplicationsWiMAX 261Table 5-23 Gen
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WiMAX 263Table 5-27(OFDMA)FEC codin
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WiMAX 265M-QAMMappingSTC withSpatia
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WiMAX 267Frame n−1 Frame n Frame
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WiMAX 269Table 5-29WirelessMAN-OFDM
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WiMAX 2710Power density in dB−25
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WiMAX 273Table 5-37diversityPeak da
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WiMAX 275Table 5-41DL link budget e
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Future Mobile Communications Concep
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Future Mobile Communications Concep
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Future Mobile Communications Concep
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Wireless Local Area Networks 283MTB
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Wireless Local Area Networks 285fre
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Interaction Channel for DVB-T: DVB-
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Interaction Channel for DVB-T: DVB-
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Interaction Channel for DVB-T: DVB-
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Interaction Channel for DVB-T: DVB-
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Interaction Channel for DVB-T: DVB-
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References 297Table 5-58Parameters
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References 299[32] Taoka H., Higuch
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302 Additional Techniques for Capac
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304 Additional Techniques for Capac
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306 Additional Techniques for Capac
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308 Additional Techniques for Capac
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310 Additional Techniques for Capac
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312 Additional Techniques for Capac
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314 Additional Techniques for Capac
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316 Additional Techniques for Capac
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318 Additional Techniques for Capac
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320 Additional Techniques for Capac
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322 Additional Techniques for Capac
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324 Additional Techniques for Capac
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326 Additional Techniques for Capac
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328 Additional Techniques for Capac
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330 Additional Techniques for Capac
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332 Additional Techniques for Capac
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334 Additional Techniques for Capac
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336 Additional Techniques for Capac
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338 Additional Techniques for Capac
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340 Definitions, Abbreviations, and
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342 Definitions, Abbreviations, and
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344 Definitions, Abbreviations, and
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346 Definitions, Abbreviations, and
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348 Definitions, Abbreviations, and
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350 SymbolsG l,lGG [j]h(t)h(τ,t)H(
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Index3GPP 218Adaptive techniques 19
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Index 355Forward error correction (
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Index 357Multi-carrier modulation a
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Index 359Maximum likelihood paramet