Multi-Carrier and Spread Spectrum Systems: From OFDM and MC ...

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152 Implementation IssuesThe aim of the coarse frequency estimation is mainly to estimate z. Depending on thetransmitted OFDM signal, different approaches for coarse frequency synchronization canbe used [12–14, 63, 78, 81].CAZAC/M sequencesA general approach is to analyze the transmitted special reference symbols at the beginningof an OFDM frame, for instance, the CAZAC/M sequences [63] specified in the DVB-T standard [19]. As shown in Figure 4-17, CAZAC/M sequences are generated in thefrequency domain and are embedded in I and R sequences. The CAZAC/M sequencesare differentially modulated. The length of the M sequences is much larger than the lengthof the CAZAC sequences. The I and R sequences have the same length N 1 , while in theI sequence (respectively R sequence) the imaginary (respectively real) components are1 and the real (respectively imaginary) components are 0. The I and R sequences areused as start positions for the differential encoding/decoding of M sequences. A widerangecoarse synchronization is achieved by correlating with the transmitted known Msequence reference data, shifted over ±N 1 sub-carriers (e.g. N 1 = 10 to 20) from theexpected center point [24, 63]. The results from different sequences are averaged. Thedeviation of the correlation peak from the expected center point z with −N 1
Synchronization 153Transmitted 2 ref. symbols in frequencyTransmitted first ref. symb. in time- PN1 in even sub-carriers - PN1 in even sub-carriers- zero in odd sub-carriers - PN2 in odd sub-carriers1/2 OFDM symb. 1/2 OFDM symb.1. Ref. symb.2. Ref. symb. 1. Ref. symb.Frequency processingFFTPhasecorrec.Time processingr(k)frequencyoffset2z/T sB(z)2. Ref. symb. Ref. symb.diff. demod.of PN1DelayN cPowerestim.1. Ref. symb.Phaseestim.[ . ]*1/2 OFDM Ref. symb.DelayN c /2Powerestim.1/2 OFDM Ref. symb.Figure 4-18Schmidl and Cox frequency offset estimation using two OFDM symbolshave a special construction that allows a frequency offset estimation greater than severalsub-carrier spacings. The first OFDM training symbol in the time domain consists oftwo identical symbols generated in the frequency domain by a PN sequence on the evensub-carriers and zeros on the odd sub-carriers. The second training symbol contains adifferentially modulated PN sequence on the odd sub-carriers and another PN sequenceon the even sub-carriers. Note that the selection of a particular PN sequence has littleeffect on the performance of the synchronization.In Equation (4.38), the second term can be estimated in a similar way to the Mooseapproach [60] by employing the two halves of the first training symbols, ˆφ = angle[M(d)](see Equation (4.35)). These two training symbols are frequency-corrected by ˆφ/(πT s ).Let their FFT be x 1,k and x 2,k , the differentially modulated PN sequence on the evenfrequencies of the second training symbol be v k ,andX be the set of indices for the evensub-carriers. For the estimation of the integer sub-carrier offset given by z, the followingmetric is calculated:∑∣ x1,k+2z ∗ v∗ k x 22,k+2z∣k∈XB(z) = ( ) ∑2. (4.39)2 |x 2,k | 2k∈XThe estimate of z is obtained by taking the maximum value of the above metric B(z).The main advantage of this method is its simplicity, which may be adequate for bursttransmission. Furthermore, it allows a joint estimation of timing and frequency offset (seeSection 4.2.4.1).4.2.5.2 Fine Frequency SynchronizationUnder the assumption that the frequency offset is less than half of the sub-carrier spacing,there is a one-to-one correspondence between the phase rotation and the frequency offset.
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Multi-Carrier andSpread SpectrumSys
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This edition first published 2008©
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Contentsix4.3.2 One-Dimensional Cha
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ForewordThis book discusses multi-c
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Preface (First Edition)Nowadays, mu
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AcknowledgementsThe authors would l
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2 Introductionambitious technologic
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4 IntroductionTables 1 and 2 summar
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6 IntroductionPower densityTimeFreq
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8 Introductiona high immunity again
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10 Introductionprocessing gain P G
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12 Introductionand interactive mult
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14 Introduction[43] Saltzberg, B. R
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16 FundamentalsBSTSFigure 1-1Time-v
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18 Fundamentalswhere p =|a p | 2 (1
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20 Fundamentalssuch that the effect
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22 FundamentalsTable 1-2 Delay powe
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24 Fundamentals(i) Fixed Positioned
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26 Fundamentalson sub-channel n of
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28 Fundamentals10 010 −1OFDM (OFD
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30 Fundamentalsin order to achieve
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32 FundamentalsThe discrete length
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34 FundamentalsThe following matrix
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36 FundamentalsTable 1-11Wireless l
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38 FundamentalsFrequency hopping (F
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40 FundamentalsFinally, a threshold
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42 Fundamentals1.3.3 Applications o
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44 FundamentalsTable 1-12Radio link
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46 FundamentalsOrthogonalV-SF codeF
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{{48 Fundamentalsdata symbolsspread
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50 FundamentalsCellular Mobile Radi
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52 Fundamentals[27] Haindl B., “M
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2MC-CDMA and MC-DS-CDMAIn this chap
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MC-CDMA 57whered = (d (0) ,d (1) ,.
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MC-CDMA 59i.e. the spreading is per
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MC-CDMA 61Table 2-1 PAPR bounds of
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MC-CDMA 632.1.4.4 Rotated Constella
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MC-CDMA 65After inverse OFDM the re
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MC-CDMA 67and requires only informa
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MC-CDMA 69hard interference evaluat
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MC-CDMA 71Thedataofthedesireduserk
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MC-CDMA 73L corresponds to the spre
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MC-CDMA 752.1.7 Combined Equalizati
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MC-CDMA 77broadcasting, WLAN, and W
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MC-CDMA 792.1.8.1 Log-Likelihood Ra
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MC-CDMA 81For coded MC-CDMA systems
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MC-CDMA 83where Q different user gr
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MC-CDMA 85Table 2-2MC-CDMA system p
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MC-CDMA 87first iteration. The opti
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MC-CDMA 8910 010 −110 −2BER10
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MC-CDMA 9110 010 −1BER10 −210
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MC-CDMA 9310 010 −110 −2BER10
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MC-DS-CDMA 95c (k) (t)f 00d (k)S/P+
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MC-DS-CDMA 97The user-specific dela
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MC-DS-CDMA 9910 010 −1BER10 −21
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Page 149 and 150: 4Implementation IssuesA general PHY
Page 151 and 152: Multi-Carrier Modulation and Demodu
Page 159 and 160: Synchronization 139The performance
Page 161 and 162: Synchronization 141null symbol as a
Page 163 and 164: Synchronization 143resulting SNR ca
Page 165 and 166: Synchronization 145SNR Degradation
Page 167 and 168: Synchronization 147FFTr(k)estimated
Page 169 and 170: Synchronization 149the timing error
Page 171: Synchronization 151A first simple s
Page 175 and 176: Channel Estimation 155Special cases
Page 177 and 178: Channel Estimation 157The mean squa
Page 179 and 180: Channel Estimation 159by the second
Page 181 and 182: Channel Estimation 161Given the nor
Page 183 and 184: Channel Estimation 163and f D, filt
Page 185 and 186: Channel Estimation 16510 010 −110
Page 187 and 188: Channel Estimation 16710 010 −13
Page 189 and 190: Channel Estimation 169in order to r
Page 191 and 192: Channel Estimation 17110 010 −1BU
Page 193 and 194: Channel Estimation 173timefreq. 00
Page 195 and 196: Channel Coding and Decoding 1754.4.
Page 197 and 198: Channel Coding and Decoding 177Tabl
Page 199 and 200: Channel Coding and Decoding 179a (k
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Page 203 and 204: Channel Coding and Decoding 183Bit
Page 205 and 206: Channel Coding and Decoding 185Bit
Page 207 and 208: Signal Constellation, Mapping, De-M
Page 209 and 210: Signal Constellation, Mapping, De-M
Page 211 and 212: Adaptive Techniques in Multi-Carrie
Page 213 and 214: RF Issues 193hence reduce, for inst
Page 215 and 216: RF Issues 195s(t)r(t)e jf(t)White n
Page 217 and 218: RF Issues 197receivedsignalto detec
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RF Issues 203of data pre-distortion
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RF Issues 205Table 4-8Minimum total
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RF Issues 207Detection strategyIn t
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RF Issues 209above formula becomes(
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References 211[21] Fazel K., “Nar
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References 213[66] Nobilet S., Hela
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5Applications5.1 IntroductionThe de
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Introduction 217high speed as well
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 219H
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 221U
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 2231
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 227T
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 229C
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WiMAX 237Table 5-12 Downlink LTE sp
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WiMAX 239Wi-FiBusinessTSWiMAX BSTSM
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WiMAX 241Table 5-16Summary of the I
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WiMAX 243WiMAXInteroperabilityInter
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WiMAX 245UNIAirinterfaceSNITerminal
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WiMAX 247Radio ResourceControlIniti
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WiMAX 249Frame n−1 Frame n Frame
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WiMAX 251Read RF-Channel ListScan F
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WiMAX 253NormaloperationTS measures
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WiMAX 255Table 5-18Example of some
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WiMAX 257Total bandwidth (between 1
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WiMAX 259Sub-carriers (frequency)n0
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ApplicationsWiMAX 261Table 5-23 Gen
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WiMAX 263Table 5-27(OFDMA)FEC codin
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WiMAX 265M-QAMMappingSTC withSpatia
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WiMAX 267Frame n−1 Frame n Frame
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WiMAX 269Table 5-29WirelessMAN-OFDM
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WiMAX 2710Power density in dB−25
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WiMAX 273Table 5-37diversityPeak da
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WiMAX 275Table 5-41DL link budget e
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Future Mobile Communications Concep
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Wireless Local Area Networks 283MTB
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Wireless Local Area Networks 285fre
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Interaction Channel for DVB-T: DVB-
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References 297Table 5-58Parameters
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References 299[32] Taoka H., Higuch
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302 Additional Techniques for Capac
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340 Definitions, Abbreviations, and
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350 SymbolsG l,lGG [j]h(t)h(τ,t)H(
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Index3GPP 218Adaptive techniques 19
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Index 355Forward error correction (
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Index 357Multi-carrier modulation a
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Index 359Maximum likelihood paramet
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