Multi-Carrier and Spread Spectrum Systems: From OFDM and MC ...

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32 FundamentalsThe discrete length of the guard interval has to be⌈ ⌉τmax N cL g ≥T s(1.38)samples in order to prevent ISI. The sampled sequence with cyclic extended guard intervalresults inx v = 1 N∑c −1S n e j2πnv/N c, v =−L g ,...,N c − 1. (1.39)N cn=0This sequence is passed through a digital-to-analogue converter whose output ideallywould be the signal waveform x(t) with increased duration T s ′ . The signal is upconvertedand the RF signal is transmitted to the channel (see Chapter 4 regarding RF up/downconversion).The output of the channel, after RF down-conversion, is the received signal waveformy(t) obtained from convolution of x(t) with the channel impulse response h(τ, t) andaddition of a noise signal n(t), i.e.y(t) =∫ ∞−∞x(t − τ)h(τ,t) dτ + n(t). (1.40)The received signal y(t) is passed through an analogue-to-digital converter, whose outputsequence y v , v =−L g ,...,N c − 1, is the received signal y(t) sampled at rate 1/T d .Since ISI is only present in the first L g samples of the received sequence, these L g samplesare removed before multi-carrier demodulation. The ISI-free part v = 0,...,N c − 1,of y v is multi-carrier demodulated by inverse OFDM exploiting a DFT. The outputof the DFT is the multi-carrier demodulated sequence R n , n = 0,...,N c − 1, consistingof N c complex-valued symbolsR n =N∑c −1v=0y v e −j2πnv/N c, n = 0,...,N c − 1. (1.41)Since ICI can be avoided due to the guard interval, each sub-channel can be consideredseparately. Furthermore, when assuming that the fading on each sub-channel is flat and ISIis removed, a received symbol R n is obtained from the frequency domain representationaccording toR n = H n S n + N n , n = 0,...,N c − 1, (1.42)where H n is the flat fading factor and N n represents the noise of the nth sub-channel.The flat fading factor H n is the sample of the channel transfer function H n,i accordingto Equation (1.23) where the time index i is omitted for simplicity. The variance of thenoise is given byσ 2 = E{| N n | 2 }. (1.43)
Multi-Carrier Transmission 33When ISI and ICI can be neglected, the multi-carrier transmission system shown inFigure 1-6 can be viewed as a discrete time and frequency transmission system with aset of N c parallel Gaussian channels with different complex-valued attenuations H n (seeFigure 1-7).A time/frequency representation of an OFDM symbol is shown in Figure 1-8(a). Ablock of subsequent OFDM symbols, where the information transmitted within theseOFDM symbols belongs together, e.g. due to coding and/or spreading in the time andfrequency directions, is referred to as an OFDM frame. An OFDM frame consisting ofN s OFDM symbols with frame durationis illustrated in Figure 1-8(b).T fr = N s T ′s (1.44)H 0 N 0S 0 R 0S/PH Nc −1• • •N Nc −1P/SS Nc −1R Nc −1Figure 1-7Simplified multi-carrier transmission system using OFDMOFDM symbols0N s −1subcarriers0subcarriers0nsymbol onsubcarrier nB = N c F sN c −1 F s =1T sN c −1T s ′(a) OFDM symbolT fr = N s T s ′(b) OFDM frameFigure 1-8Time/frequency representation of an OFDM symbol and an OFDM frame
Page 2: Multi-Carrier andSpread SpectrumSys
Page 6 and 7: This edition first published 2008©
Page 11 and 12: Contentsix4.3.2 One-Dimensional Cha
Page 13: ForewordThis book discusses multi-c
Page 17 and 18: Preface (First Edition)Nowadays, mu
Page 19: AcknowledgementsThe authors would l
Page 22 and 23: 2 Introductionambitious technologic
Page 24 and 25: 4 IntroductionTables 1 and 2 summar
Page 26 and 27: 6 IntroductionPower densityTimeFreq
Page 28 and 29: 8 Introductiona high immunity again
Page 30 and 31: 10 Introductionprocessing gain P G
Page 32 and 33: 12 Introductionand interactive mult
Page 34 and 35: 14 Introduction[43] Saltzberg, B. R
Page 36 and 37: 16 FundamentalsBSTSFigure 1-1Time-v
Page 38 and 39: 18 Fundamentalswhere p =|a p | 2 (1
Page 40 and 41: 20 Fundamentalssuch that the effect
Page 42 and 43: 22 FundamentalsTable 1-2 Delay powe
Page 44 and 45: 24 Fundamentals(i) Fixed Positioned
Page 46 and 47: 26 Fundamentalson sub-channel n of
Page 48 and 49: 28 Fundamentals10 010 −1OFDM (OFD
Page 50 and 51: 30 Fundamentalsin order to achieve
Page 54 and 55: 34 FundamentalsThe following matrix
Page 56 and 57: 36 FundamentalsTable 1-11Wireless l
Page 58 and 59: 38 FundamentalsFrequency hopping (F
Page 60 and 61: 40 FundamentalsFinally, a threshold
Page 62 and 63: 42 Fundamentals1.3.3 Applications o
Page 64 and 65: 44 FundamentalsTable 1-12Radio link
Page 66 and 67: 46 FundamentalsOrthogonalV-SF codeF
Page 68 and 69: {{48 Fundamentalsdata symbolsspread
Page 70 and 71: 50 FundamentalsCellular Mobile Radi
Page 72 and 73: 52 Fundamentals[27] Haindl B., “M
Page 75 and 76: 2MC-CDMA and MC-DS-CDMAIn this chap
Page 77 and 78: MC-CDMA 57whered = (d (0) ,d (1) ,.
Page 79 and 80: MC-CDMA 59i.e. the spreading is per
Page 81 and 82: MC-CDMA 61Table 2-1 PAPR bounds of
Page 83 and 84: MC-CDMA 632.1.4.4 Rotated Constella
Page 85 and 86: MC-CDMA 65After inverse OFDM the re
Page 87 and 88: MC-CDMA 67and requires only informa
Page 89 and 90: MC-CDMA 69hard interference evaluat
Page 91 and 92: MC-CDMA 71Thedataofthedesireduserk
Page 93 and 94: MC-CDMA 73L corresponds to the spre
Page 95 and 96: MC-CDMA 752.1.7 Combined Equalizati
Page 97 and 98: MC-CDMA 77broadcasting, WLAN, and W
Page 99 and 100: MC-CDMA 792.1.8.1 Log-Likelihood Ra
Page 101 and 102: MC-CDMA 81For coded MC-CDMA systems
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MC-CDMA 83where Q different user gr
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MC-CDMA 85Table 2-2MC-CDMA system p
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MC-CDMA 87first iteration. The opti
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MC-CDMA 8910 010 −110 −2BER10
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MC-CDMA 9110 010 −1BER10 −210
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MC-CDMA 9310 010 −110 −2BER10
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MC-DS-CDMA 95c (k) (t)f 00d (k)S/P+
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MC-DS-CDMA 97The user-specific dela
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MC-DS-CDMA 9910 010 −1BER10 −21
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References 101[7] Brüninghaus K. a
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References 103[49] Steiner B., “U
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106 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesI
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108 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemesw
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110 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemest
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112 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesO
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114 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesT
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116 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesA
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120 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemest
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122 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesA
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126 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemes[
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4Implementation IssuesA general PHY
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Multi-Carrier Modulation and Demodu
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Synchronization 139The performance
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Synchronization 141null symbol as a
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Synchronization 143resulting SNR ca
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Synchronization 145SNR Degradation
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Synchronization 147FFTr(k)estimated
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Synchronization 149the timing error
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Synchronization 151A first simple s
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Synchronization 153Transmitted 2 re
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Channel Estimation 155Special cases
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Channel Estimation 157The mean squa
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Channel Estimation 159by the second
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Channel Estimation 161Given the nor
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Channel Estimation 163and f D, filt
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Channel Estimation 16510 010 −110
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Channel Estimation 16710 010 −13
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Channel Estimation 169in order to r
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Channel Estimation 17110 010 −1BU
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Channel Estimation 173timefreq. 00
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Channel Coding and Decoding 1754.4.
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Channel Coding and Decoding 177Tabl
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Channel Coding and Decoding 179a (k
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Channel Coding and Decoding 181n rk
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Channel Coding and Decoding 183Bit
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Channel Coding and Decoding 185Bit
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Signal Constellation, Mapping, De-M
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Signal Constellation, Mapping, De-M
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Adaptive Techniques in Multi-Carrie
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RF Issues 193hence reduce, for inst
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RF Issues 195s(t)r(t)e jf(t)White n
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RF Issues 197receivedsignalto detec
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RF Issues 1994.7.2.1 Effects of Non
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RF Issues 2011e−011e−02UplinkDo
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RF Issues 203of data pre-distortion
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RF Issues 205Table 4-8Minimum total
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RF Issues 207Detection strategyIn t
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RF Issues 209above formula becomes(
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References 211[21] Fazel K., “Nar
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References 213[66] Nobilet S., Hela
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5Applications5.1 IntroductionThe de
Page 237 and 238:
Introduction 217high speed as well
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 219H
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 221U
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 2231
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 227T
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 229C
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WiMAX 237Table 5-12 Downlink LTE sp
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WiMAX 239Wi-FiBusinessTSWiMAX BSTSM
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WiMAX 241Table 5-16Summary of the I
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WiMAX 243WiMAXInteroperabilityInter
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WiMAX 245UNIAirinterfaceSNITerminal
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WiMAX 247Radio ResourceControlIniti
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WiMAX 249Frame n−1 Frame n Frame
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WiMAX 251Read RF-Channel ListScan F
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WiMAX 253NormaloperationTS measures
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WiMAX 255Table 5-18Example of some
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WiMAX 257Total bandwidth (between 1
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WiMAX 259Sub-carriers (frequency)n0
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ApplicationsWiMAX 261Table 5-23 Gen
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WiMAX 263Table 5-27(OFDMA)FEC codin
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WiMAX 265M-QAMMappingSTC withSpatia
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WiMAX 267Frame n−1 Frame n Frame
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WiMAX 269Table 5-29WirelessMAN-OFDM
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WiMAX 2710Power density in dB−25
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WiMAX 273Table 5-37diversityPeak da
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WiMAX 275Table 5-41DL link budget e
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Future Mobile Communications Concep
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Wireless Local Area Networks 283MTB
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Wireless Local Area Networks 285fre
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Interaction Channel for DVB-T: DVB-
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References 297Table 5-58Parameters
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References 299[32] Taoka H., Higuch
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302 Additional Techniques for Capac
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340 Definitions, Abbreviations, and
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350 SymbolsG l,lGG [j]h(t)h(τ,t)H(
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Index3GPP 218Adaptive techniques 19
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Index 355Forward error correction (
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Index 357Multi-carrier modulation a
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Index 359Maximum likelihood paramet
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