Multi-Carrier and Spread Spectrum Systems: From OFDM and MC ...

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358 IndexProduct codes 180–181Profiles 267–271Pseudo noise (PN) sequence 37, 55, 59Pulse position modulation (PPM)121–123Pulse shaping 110–111Punctured convolutional codes 175Puncturing tables 175SNR performance 177QAM constellation 187–189Q-Modification 82–83Quasi MMSE pre-equalization 74Radio access network (RAN) 220Radio channel characteristics 15–25Radio link control (RLC) 221Radio resource control (RRC) 220–221Raised cosine filtering 111Rake receiver 41–46Rayleigh distribution 18Receive diversity in multi-carriertransmission 313–314Delay and phase diversity 314Maximum ratio combining 313Receiver sensitivity 209Rectangular band-limited transmissionfilter 132Rectangular time-limited transmissionfilter 132Reed Solomon coding 175–178Requirements on OFDM frequency andclock accuracy 144Resource mapping 223–225, 229–231RF issues 192–210Rice distribution 19RMS delay spread 17–18Rotated constellations 63Rural area (RA) channel model 20Sampling clock adjustment 150–151Sampling rate 135–136Scalable OFDMA 258–261Selection diversity 75, 231, 325Selection diversity combinedequalization 75Services 215–216Shadowing 16Signal constellation 187–189Single input/multiple output (SIMO)303Single-user detection 64–67Soft bit 71Soft channel decoding 76–81Soft-in/soft-out (SISO) 178Soft interference cancellation 70–71Soft-output Viterbi decoding algorithm(SOVA) 78, 179–180, 182Software-defined radio (SDR) 331–337Space division multiple access (SDMA)106, 302Space division multiplexing 106Space-frequency coding (SFC)317–321SF block codes (SFBC) 317–321Space-time coding (STC) 304–307ST block codes (STBC) 307ST trellis codes (STTC) 305–306Spatial diversity 301Spatial multiplexing 227Spatial phase coding (SPC) 323–325Spatial pre-coding 321–331Spreading codes 58–60PAPR 60–61, 205–206Spreading length 38, 55Spread spectrum 36–41Spread spectrum multi-carrier multipleaccess (SS-MC-MA) 113–116Squared Euclidean distance 67SSPA characteristics 200Sub-carrier 29–30Spacing 29Sub-carrier diversity 313Sub-channel 29Suboptimum MMSE equalization66–67Successive interference cancellation(SIC) 70Synchronization 138–154Frequency synchronization151–154
Index 359Maximum likelihood parametersestimation 144–146Time synchronization 147–151Synchronization sensitivity 141–143System matrix 57System performance 84–94, 98–100MC-CDMA synchronous downlink85–89MC-CDMA synchronous uplink89–94MC-DS-CDMA asynchronous uplink98–100MC-DS-CDMA synchronous uplink98Tanner graph 183TDD frame structure 248–249Time diversity 27, 301Time division duplex (TDD) 105Time division multiple access (TDMA)5–6, 45, 105Time division multiplexing (TDM) 105Time domain channel estimation 168Time synchronization 147–151Coarse symbol timing 147–149Guard time exploitation 149Null symbol detection 147–148Two identical half reference symbols148–149Fine symbol timing 149–150Time-variant phase diversity 312Total degradation 204Transmit diversity in multi-carriertransmission 308–313Cyclic delay diversity 311Delay diversity 308–309Discontinuous Doppler diversity 313Doppler diversity 312–313Phase diversity 309–311Sub-carrier diversity 313Time-variant phase diversity 312Turbo codes 178–182Block Turbo codes 180–182Convolutional Turbo codes 178–180Two-dimensional channel estimation155–159Two cascaded one-dimensional filters158–159Two-dimensional filter 155–156Two-dimensional Wiener filter156–158Two-dimensional spreading 61–62,278–279Two step decoding 186TWTA characteristics 199–200Typical urban (TU) channel model 20Ultra wide band (UWB) systems121–123PPM UWB signal generation121–123Transmission scheme 123UMTS standard 3–4, 44–46UMTS/UTRA channel model 21Uncorrelated fading channel models 26Variable spreading factor (VSF) 45,277–279VHF/UHF 290Virtual sub-carriers 134–135Viterbi decoding 71, 78, 175, 179–180VSF-OFCDM 277–279Walsh-Hadamard code 58Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) 3,44–46, 218WiMAX channel model 23–25Wireless Interoperability for MicrowaveAccess (WiMAX) 237–267BWA standards 242–263Certification 271Convergence sub-layer 244–246MAC layer 246–253MIMO 263–267OFDMA 258Profiles 267–271S-OFDMA 258–261Wireless LAN 4–5, 8, 35, 283–287Channel characteristics 25, 283FEC coding and modulation285–286Link budget 287
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Multi-Carrier andSpread SpectrumSys
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This edition first published 2008©
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Contentsix4.3.2 One-Dimensional Cha
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ForewordThis book discusses multi-c
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Preface (First Edition)Nowadays, mu
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AcknowledgementsThe authors would l
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2 Introductionambitious technologic
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4 IntroductionTables 1 and 2 summar
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6 IntroductionPower densityTimeFreq
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8 Introductiona high immunity again
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10 Introductionprocessing gain P G
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12 Introductionand interactive mult
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14 Introduction[43] Saltzberg, B. R
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16 FundamentalsBSTSFigure 1-1Time-v
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18 Fundamentalswhere p =|a p | 2 (1
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20 Fundamentalssuch that the effect
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22 FundamentalsTable 1-2 Delay powe
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24 Fundamentals(i) Fixed Positioned
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26 Fundamentalson sub-channel n of
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28 Fundamentals10 010 −1OFDM (OFD
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30 Fundamentalsin order to achieve
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32 FundamentalsThe discrete length
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34 FundamentalsThe following matrix
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36 FundamentalsTable 1-11Wireless l
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38 FundamentalsFrequency hopping (F
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40 FundamentalsFinally, a threshold
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42 Fundamentals1.3.3 Applications o
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44 FundamentalsTable 1-12Radio link
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46 FundamentalsOrthogonalV-SF codeF
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{{48 Fundamentalsdata symbolsspread
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50 FundamentalsCellular Mobile Radi
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52 Fundamentals[27] Haindl B., “M
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2MC-CDMA and MC-DS-CDMAIn this chap
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MC-CDMA 57whered = (d (0) ,d (1) ,.
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MC-CDMA 59i.e. the spreading is per
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MC-CDMA 61Table 2-1 PAPR bounds of
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MC-CDMA 632.1.4.4 Rotated Constella
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MC-CDMA 65After inverse OFDM the re
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MC-CDMA 67and requires only informa
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MC-CDMA 69hard interference evaluat
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MC-CDMA 71Thedataofthedesireduserk
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MC-CDMA 73L corresponds to the spre
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MC-CDMA 752.1.7 Combined Equalizati
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MC-CDMA 77broadcasting, WLAN, and W
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MC-CDMA 792.1.8.1 Log-Likelihood Ra
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MC-CDMA 81For coded MC-CDMA systems
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MC-CDMA 83where Q different user gr
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MC-CDMA 85Table 2-2MC-CDMA system p
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MC-CDMA 87first iteration. The opti
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MC-CDMA 8910 010 −110 −2BER10
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MC-CDMA 9110 010 −1BER10 −210
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MC-CDMA 9310 010 −110 −2BER10
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MC-DS-CDMA 95c (k) (t)f 00d (k)S/P+
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MC-DS-CDMA 97The user-specific dela
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MC-DS-CDMA 9910 010 −1BER10 −21
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References 101[7] Brüninghaus K. a
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References 103[49] Steiner B., “U
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106 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesI
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108 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemesw
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110 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemest
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112 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesO
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114 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesT
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116 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesA
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120 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemest
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122 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesA
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126 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemes[
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4Implementation IssuesA general PHY
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Multi-Carrier Modulation and Demodu
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Synchronization 139The performance
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Synchronization 141null symbol as a
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Synchronization 143resulting SNR ca
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Synchronization 145SNR Degradation
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Synchronization 147FFTr(k)estimated
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Synchronization 149the timing error
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Synchronization 151A first simple s
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Synchronization 153Transmitted 2 re
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Channel Estimation 155Special cases
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Channel Estimation 157The mean squa
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Channel Estimation 159by the second
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Channel Estimation 161Given the nor
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Channel Estimation 163and f D, filt
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Channel Estimation 16510 010 −110
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Channel Estimation 16710 010 −13
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Channel Estimation 169in order to r
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Channel Estimation 17110 010 −1BU
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Channel Estimation 173timefreq. 00
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Channel Coding and Decoding 1754.4.
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Channel Coding and Decoding 177Tabl
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Channel Coding and Decoding 179a (k
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Channel Coding and Decoding 181n rk
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Channel Coding and Decoding 183Bit
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Channel Coding and Decoding 185Bit
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Signal Constellation, Mapping, De-M
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Signal Constellation, Mapping, De-M
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Adaptive Techniques in Multi-Carrie
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RF Issues 193hence reduce, for inst
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RF Issues 195s(t)r(t)e jf(t)White n
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RF Issues 197receivedsignalto detec
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RF Issues 1994.7.2.1 Effects of Non
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RF Issues 2011e−011e−02UplinkDo
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RF Issues 203of data pre-distortion
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RF Issues 205Table 4-8Minimum total
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RF Issues 207Detection strategyIn t
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RF Issues 209above formula becomes(
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References 211[21] Fazel K., “Nar
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References 213[66] Nobilet S., Hela
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5Applications5.1 IntroductionThe de
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Introduction 217high speed as well
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 219H
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 221U
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 2231
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 227T
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 229C
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WiMAX 237Table 5-12 Downlink LTE sp
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WiMAX 239Wi-FiBusinessTSWiMAX BSTSM
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WiMAX 241Table 5-16Summary of the I
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WiMAX 243WiMAXInteroperabilityInter
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WiMAX 245UNIAirinterfaceSNITerminal
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WiMAX 247Radio ResourceControlIniti
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WiMAX 249Frame n−1 Frame n Frame
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WiMAX 251Read RF-Channel ListScan F
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WiMAX 253NormaloperationTS measures
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WiMAX 255Table 5-18Example of some
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WiMAX 257Total bandwidth (between 1
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WiMAX 259Sub-carriers (frequency)n0
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ApplicationsWiMAX 261Table 5-23 Gen
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WiMAX 263Table 5-27(OFDMA)FEC codin
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WiMAX 265M-QAMMappingSTC withSpatia
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WiMAX 267Frame n−1 Frame n Frame
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WiMAX 269Table 5-29WirelessMAN-OFDM
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WiMAX 2710Power density in dB−25
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WiMAX 273Table 5-37diversityPeak da
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WiMAX 275Table 5-41DL link budget e
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Future Mobile Communications Concep
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Wireless Local Area Networks 283MTB
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Wireless Local Area Networks 285fre
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Interaction Channel for DVB-T: DVB-
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References 297Table 5-58Parameters
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References 299[32] Taoka H., Higuch
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302 Additional Techniques for Capac
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Page 328 and 329: 308 Additional Techniques for Capac
Page 360 and 361: 340 Definitions, Abbreviations, and
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Page 373 and 374: Index3GPP 218Adaptive techniques 19
Page 375 and 376: Index 355Forward error correction (
Page 377: Index 357Multi-carrier modulation a
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