Multi-Carrier and Spread Spectrum Systems: From OFDM and MC ...

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310 Additional Techniques for Capacity and Flexibility EnhancementtransmitterOFDM0receivere jΦ 1, nn = 0...N c − 1OFDM1IOFDMe jΦ M − 1, nn = 0...N c − 1OFDMM − 1Figure 6-9Phase diversityIn order to achieve frequency-selective fading within the transmission bandwidth of theN c sub-channels, the phase m,n has to fulfill the condition m, n ≥ 2πf nB≥ 2πnN c, (6.10)where f n = n/T s is the nth sub-carrier frequency, T s is the OFDM symbol durationwithout a guard interval, and B = N c /T s . To increase the frequency diversity by multipletransmit antennas, the phase offset of the nth sub-carrier at the mth antenna should bechosen as m, n = 2πkmnN c, k ≥ 1, (6.11)where k is a constant factor introduced for the system design that has to be chosen largeenough (k ≥ 1) to guarantee a diversity gain. The constant k corresponds to k introducedin Section 6.3.1.1. Since no delay of the signals at the transmit antennas occurs with phasediversity, no extension of the guard interval is necessary compared to delay diversity.In Figure 6-10, the SNR gain to reach a BER of 3 × 10 −4 with two transmit antennasapplying delay diversity and phase diversity compared to a one transmit antenna schemeover the parameter k introduced in Equations (6.9) and (6.11) is shown for OFDM andOFDM-CDM. The results are presented for an indoor and outdoor scenario. The performanceof delay diversity and phase diversity is the same for the chosen system parameters,since the guard interval duration exceeds the maximum delay of the channel and the additionaldelay due to delay diversity. The curves show that gains of more than 5 dB in theindoor scenario and of about 2 dB in the outdoor scenario can be achieved for k ≥ 2and justify the selection of k = 2 as a reasonable value. It is interesting to observe thateven in an outdoor environment, which already has frequency-selective fading, significantperformance improvements can be achieved.
Diversity Techniques for Multi-Carrier Transmission 31165gain in dB43indoor; OFDMindoor; OFDM-CDMoutdoor; OFDMoutdoor; OFDM-CDM2100 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8kFigure 6-10 Performance gains with delay diversity and phase diversity over k: M = 2;BER = 3 × 10 −4transmitterOFDMguard 0intervald guard 1cyc 1intervald cyc M − 1guardintervalM − 1receiverIOFDMFigure 6-11Cyclic delay diversity (CDD)6.3.1.3 Cyclic Delay Diversity (CDD)An efficient implementation of phase diversity is cyclic delay diversity (CDD) [7], whichinstead of M OFDM operations requires only one OFDM operation in the transmitter.The signals constructed by phase diversity and by cyclic delay diversity are equal. Signalgeneration with cyclic delay diversity is illustrated in Figure 6-11. With cyclic delaydiversity, δ cycl m denotes cyclic shifts [8]. Both phase diversity and cyclic delay diversityare performed before guard interval insertion. CDD is, for example, applied in LTE (seeChapter 5).
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Multi-Carrier andSpread SpectrumSys
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This edition first published 2008©
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Contentsix4.3.2 One-Dimensional Cha
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ForewordThis book discusses multi-c
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Preface (First Edition)Nowadays, mu
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AcknowledgementsThe authors would l
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2 Introductionambitious technologic
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4 IntroductionTables 1 and 2 summar
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6 IntroductionPower densityTimeFreq
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8 Introductiona high immunity again
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10 Introductionprocessing gain P G
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12 Introductionand interactive mult
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14 Introduction[43] Saltzberg, B. R
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16 FundamentalsBSTSFigure 1-1Time-v
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18 Fundamentalswhere p =|a p | 2 (1
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20 Fundamentalssuch that the effect
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22 FundamentalsTable 1-2 Delay powe
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24 Fundamentals(i) Fixed Positioned
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26 Fundamentalson sub-channel n of
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28 Fundamentals10 010 −1OFDM (OFD
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30 Fundamentalsin order to achieve
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32 FundamentalsThe discrete length
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34 FundamentalsThe following matrix
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36 FundamentalsTable 1-11Wireless l
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38 FundamentalsFrequency hopping (F
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40 FundamentalsFinally, a threshold
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42 Fundamentals1.3.3 Applications o
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44 FundamentalsTable 1-12Radio link
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46 FundamentalsOrthogonalV-SF codeF
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{{48 Fundamentalsdata symbolsspread
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50 FundamentalsCellular Mobile Radi
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52 Fundamentals[27] Haindl B., “M
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2MC-CDMA and MC-DS-CDMAIn this chap
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MC-CDMA 57whered = (d (0) ,d (1) ,.
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MC-CDMA 59i.e. the spreading is per
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MC-CDMA 61Table 2-1 PAPR bounds of
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MC-CDMA 632.1.4.4 Rotated Constella
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MC-CDMA 65After inverse OFDM the re
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MC-CDMA 67and requires only informa
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MC-CDMA 69hard interference evaluat
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MC-CDMA 71Thedataofthedesireduserk
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MC-CDMA 73L corresponds to the spre
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MC-CDMA 752.1.7 Combined Equalizati
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MC-CDMA 77broadcasting, WLAN, and W
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MC-CDMA 792.1.8.1 Log-Likelihood Ra
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MC-CDMA 81For coded MC-CDMA systems
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MC-CDMA 83where Q different user gr
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MC-CDMA 85Table 2-2MC-CDMA system p
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MC-CDMA 87first iteration. The opti
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MC-CDMA 8910 010 −110 −2BER10
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MC-CDMA 9110 010 −1BER10 −210
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MC-CDMA 9310 010 −110 −2BER10
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MC-DS-CDMA 95c (k) (t)f 00d (k)S/P+
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MC-DS-CDMA 97The user-specific dela
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MC-DS-CDMA 9910 010 −1BER10 −21
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References 101[7] Brüninghaus K. a
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References 103[49] Steiner B., “U
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106 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesI
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108 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemesw
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110 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemest
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112 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesO
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114 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesT
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116 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesA
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120 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemest
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122 Hybrid Multiple Access SchemesA
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126 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemes[
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4Implementation IssuesA general PHY
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Multi-Carrier Modulation and Demodu
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Synchronization 139The performance
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Synchronization 141null symbol as a
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Synchronization 143resulting SNR ca
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Synchronization 145SNR Degradation
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Synchronization 147FFTr(k)estimated
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Synchronization 149the timing error
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Synchronization 151A first simple s
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Synchronization 153Transmitted 2 re
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Channel Estimation 155Special cases
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Channel Estimation 157The mean squa
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Channel Estimation 159by the second
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Channel Estimation 161Given the nor
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Channel Estimation 163and f D, filt
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Channel Estimation 16510 010 −110
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Channel Estimation 16710 010 −13
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Channel Estimation 169in order to r
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Channel Estimation 17110 010 −1BU
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Channel Estimation 173timefreq. 00
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Channel Coding and Decoding 1754.4.
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Channel Coding and Decoding 177Tabl
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Channel Coding and Decoding 179a (k
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Channel Coding and Decoding 181n rk
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Channel Coding and Decoding 183Bit
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Channel Coding and Decoding 185Bit
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Signal Constellation, Mapping, De-M
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Signal Constellation, Mapping, De-M
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Adaptive Techniques in Multi-Carrie
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RF Issues 193hence reduce, for inst
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RF Issues 195s(t)r(t)e jf(t)White n
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RF Issues 197receivedsignalto detec
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RF Issues 1994.7.2.1 Effects of Non
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RF Issues 2011e−011e−02UplinkDo
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RF Issues 203of data pre-distortion
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RF Issues 205Table 4-8Minimum total
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RF Issues 207Detection strategyIn t
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RF Issues 209above formula becomes(
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References 211[21] Fazel K., “Nar
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References 213[66] Nobilet S., Hela
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5Applications5.1 IntroductionThe de
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Introduction 217high speed as well
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 219H
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 221U
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 2231
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 227T
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3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) 229C
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WiMAX 237Table 5-12 Downlink LTE sp
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WiMAX 239Wi-FiBusinessTSWiMAX BSTSM
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WiMAX 241Table 5-16Summary of the I
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WiMAX 243WiMAXInteroperabilityInter
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WiMAX 245UNIAirinterfaceSNITerminal
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WiMAX 247Radio ResourceControlIniti
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WiMAX 249Frame n−1 Frame n Frame
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WiMAX 251Read RF-Channel ListScan F
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WiMAX 253NormaloperationTS measures
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WiMAX 255Table 5-18Example of some
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WiMAX 257Total bandwidth (between 1
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Page 287 and 288: WiMAX 267Frame n−1 Frame n Frame
Page 289 and 290: WiMAX 269Table 5-29WirelessMAN-OFDM
Page 291 and 292: WiMAX 2710Power density in dB−25
Page 293 and 294: WiMAX 273Table 5-37diversityPeak da
Page 295 and 296: WiMAX 275Table 5-41DL link budget e
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Page 305 and 306: Wireless Local Area Networks 285fre
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Page 317 and 318: References 297Table 5-58Parameters
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Page 322 and 323: 302 Additional Techniques for Capac
Page 360 and 361: 340 Definitions, Abbreviations, and
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Page 373 and 374: Index3GPP 218Adaptive techniques 19
Page 375 and 376: Index 355Forward error correction (
Page 377 and 378: Index 357Multi-carrier modulation a
Page 379 and 380: Index 359Maximum likelihood paramet
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